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PDD/PPD > ASSEMBLIES - SHELL > Flashcards

ASSEMBLIES - SHELL Flashcards

1
Q

LOW SLOPE ROOFS - slope

A

up to 3:12

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2
Q

Medium to high sloPE roofs - slope

A

4: 12 to 12:12

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3
Q

Permeance

A

property of material that prevents water vapor from diffusing through it.

Unit is perm. In US customary, one grain of moisture per hour per square foot per inch of mercury

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4
Q

IBC definition Vapor retarder Class I

A

perm-rating ≤ to 0.1 - vapor impermeable (real vapor barrier)

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5
Q

Cold areas (climate regions 5,6,7,8 ) Vapor retarder:

A

Impermeable vapor retarder, should be placed on warmer inside of insulation.

Also vapor permeable air barrier should be placed outside the insulation to prevent air infiltration while allowing any accumulated moisture to dry out.

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6
Q

Hot humid (climates climatic regions 1,2, 3A, 3C) Vapor retarder:

A

In air-conditioned buildings in hot humid climates vapor retarder should be placed on the warmer outside of the insulation to prevent the moist, warm air outside of the building from migrating to the cooler, dehumidified interior spaces.

Vapor retarder should also serve as air barrier, that is the air barrier should be vapor impermeable.

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7
Q

Mixed climatic regions ( zones 4, sone 5, 3B, 3C, 4B) Vapor retarder:

A

Vapor permeable air Barrier should be placed outside the insulation and no vapor retarder should be used.

This allows any vapor or condensation to pass through the wall in either Direction

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8
Q

IBC definition Vapor retarder: Class II

A

perm-rating > than 0.1 and ≤ 1 semi impermeable

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9
Q

IBC definition Vapor retarder: Class III

A

perm-rating >1 and ≤ 10 semi permeable

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10
Q

Coefficient of earth pressure C0?

pressure of soil at bottom of retaing wall ?

A

depends on soil type

Simplified 30 pounds per cubic foot.

Pressure at any point P = 30*H

To find the total pressure of soil at bottom of retaing wall , multiply the pressure at the base of the wall by the area of the triangle, 1/2 H.

P = CO* 1/2*H^2

If using 30 pounds per cubic ft.³

P = 15 H^2

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11
Q

Dampproofing

A

Control of moisture that is not under hydrostatic pressure.

Should not be used on elements below water table.

Dampproofing coatings are always applied on the positive side, or wet side of the element.

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12
Q

Waterproofing

A

Control of moisture in water that is subject to hydrostatic pressure.

Need to create continuous Seal at wall, slabs and joints.

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13
Q

Caulking

A

Often used to designate low performance sealants employed were a little movement as expected, such as between wood window frame and exterior wall.

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14
Q

Sealants

Low performance joint movement

Intermediate joint movement

High joint movement

A

Are flexible materials used to close joints between materials.

Low performance - tolerates ± 5% joint movement

Intermediate performance - tolerates ± 12% joint movement

High performance - tolerates 25% or more joint movement

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15
Q

Built up Roof Membranes:

A

Built up Roof Membranes: assembled in place from multiple layers of asphalt impregnated felt bedded in bitumen, foam insulation, polymer fabric, and ballast

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16
Q

Single Ply Roof Membranes:

A

Single Ply Roof Membranes: diverse group of sheet materials that are applied

to the roof in a single layer, and require less labor to install

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17
Q

Fluid Applied Membranes

A

Fluid Applied Membranes: used for domes, shells and other complex shapes,

a waterproofing layer over sprayed on polyurethane foam insulation

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18
Q

• Roofing materials are grouped into four classes:

A

• Roofing material are grouped into four classes:

Class A: effective against fire exposure (slate, concrete tile, clay tiles, asphalt shingles with glass felts) and may be used on any building in any type of construction

Class B: effective against moderate fire exposure (built-up and single-ply roofs, sheet metal roofing, asphalt shingles on organic felts) and are the minimum class

that may be used on Type IA, IB, IIB, IIIA, IV, and VA construction types

Class C: effective against light fire exposure (fire retardant treated wood shingles and shakes) and the minimum class that may be used for Type IIB, IIIB, and VB construction types

Nonclassified roof coverings (untreated wood shingles) can be used on Type VB

construction and some agriculture, accessory, and storage buildings

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19
Q

• Plaster is applied over expanded metal lath in three coats:

A

• Scratch Coat: troweled on roughly and scratched while still wet, using a notched rake to create rough surface for second layer to bond after it hardens

• Brown Coat: build strength and thickness and to present a level of surface for the application final application

• Finish Coat: produced by drawing a long straightedge across the surfaces of the grounds to strike off wet plaster

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20
Q

Door Class - A

A

Door Class - A

Door/Frame - Rating 3 hours

Wall Rating - 4 hours

Use - Fire walls or fire areas

Allowable Glazing - None Allowed

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21
Q

Door Class -B

A

Door Class -B

Door/Frame - 90 min

Wall Rating - 2 hours

Use - Vertical enclosures (stairs, elevators)

Allowable Glazing - 100 sq in (4” min)

22
Q

Door Class - C

A

Door Class - C

Door/Frame - 45min

Wall Rating - 1 hours

Use - Corridor/Partitions

Allowable Glazing - 1,296 sq in (54” max)

23
Q

Door Class - D

A

Door Class - D

Door/Frame - 90min

Wall Rating - 2 hours

Use - Exterior walls with severe fire hazard

Allowable Glazing - NONE

24
Q

Door Class - E

A

Door Class - E

Door/Frame - 45min

Wall Rating - 1 hours

Use - Exterior walls with moderate fire hazard

Allowable Glazing - 720 sq in (54” max)

25
Q

• Fire Doors:

A
  1. Fire rating classification of a wall dictates the fire rating of the door in it
  2. Steel fire doors are rated by the time that a door can withstand exposure to fire test conditions from 1 1/2 hours to 3 hours
  3. 1/4” wire glass and ceramic glass are the most common types of glazing used
  4. Some fire doors are required to minimize transmission of heat from one side of the door to the other (eg: in a stairwell)
  5. Must be equipped with fire listed hardware
  6. Doors that open onto corridors used as a means of egress may be required to have smoke and draft control rating which test for both air leakage and fire resistance
  7. Gaskets are required for doors to pass smoke and draft control test
26
Q

fire listed hardware

A
  • Steel bearing type hinges
  • Automatic latching device to engage the strike
  • Exit device hardware (meets panic loading tests and fire tests)
  • Closing device
  • Avoid mechanical hold-open devices and hold open arms, electromagnetic release devices are okay
27
Q

Mineral wool

A

Mineral wool refers to two types of insulation material:

Rock wool, made from basalt or diabase

Slag wool, made from blast furnace slag from steel mills

Characteristics:

  • Contains an average of 75% post-industrial recycled content
  • *-Does not need additives to make it fire resistant**
  • Not recommended in extreme heat environments
  • R-value ranging from R-2.8 to R-3.5
  • Environmentally friendly
  • *-Does not melt and is not combustible
  • Moderate cost**

-Exterior rated

-STC 50 (insulation only)

Available in:

  • Blanket (batts and rolls)
  • Loose-fill and blown-in
  • Rigid fibrous or fiber insulation
28
Q

Fiberglass

A

Fiberglass is one of the most popular insulation materials, made by weaving fine strands of glass. It is manufactured mostly from recycled glass.

Characteristics:

  • Minimizes heat transfer
  • Non-flammable
  • *-R-values range from R-2.9 to R-3.8 per inch
  • Low cost**
  • Environmentally friendly
  • *-Does not absorb water, interior only**
  • Can be dangerous for installers, requiring special protection equipment.The small particles of glass can damage the eyes, lungs and skin.
  • Loose-fill insulation is applied using an insulation-blowing machine

​-STC 36 (insulation only)

Available in:

  • Blankets (batts and rolls): fiberglass batt can be found as medium or high-density, with higher R-values than standard batts
  • Loose-fill and blown-in
  • Blow-in Blanket System (BIBS): a variation of loose-fill insulation that is blown dry, and tests have proven a higher insulation level than other types of fiberglass
  • Rigid boards
  • Duct insulation
  • Rigid fibrous insulation
29
Q

Cellulose

A

Cellulose is made from recycled paper products, mainly newspapers. During the manufacturing process, paper is first broken down into smaller pieces and then fiberized. Cellulose is one of the most eco-friendly forms of insulation, and is available in loose-fill and blown-in versions.

Characteristics:

  • Environmentally friendly
  • Most of its content is recycled (82-85%)
  • *-Inhibits airflow
  • Mineral borate is added to ensure fire and insect resistance**
  • *-Requires no moisture barrier**
  • R-values range from R-3.1 to R-3.7
  • Excellent product for minimizing fire damage
  • *-Due to its compactness, it contains almos not oxygen within**
  • *-Can generate allergies**
  • Requires skilled workers for installation
  • *-Moderate cost**
30
Q

Polystyrene

A

Polystyrene is a colorless and transparent thermoplastic. Polystyrene insulation is available in many versions:

Molded expanded polystyrene (MEPS), commonly used in foam boards and as small foam beads.

Expanded polystyrene (EPS), made of small plastic beads fused together

Extruded polystyrene (XPS), is a molten material that is pressed into sheets, also known as styrofoam

Characteristics:

  • *-Low cost, but not environmentally friendly
  • Flammable, needs to be coated with a fireproof chemical
  • Lightweight**
  • *-Tends to accumulate static electricity**
  • Can be difficult to control
  • Thermal drift or ageing occurs over time-R-value depends on density: expensive XEP has an R-value of R-5.5, while EPS offers R-4
  • *-Waterproof
  • Excellent sound and temperature insulation**
  • Smooth surface

Available in:

  • Loose fill (small beads)
  • Concrete block insulation and insulating concrete blocks
  • Insulating concrete forms (ICF)
  • Structural insulating panels (SIP)
  • Foam board or rigid foam
31
Q

Polyurethane

A

Polyurethane is available in closed-cell foam and open-cell foam. Closed-cell foams possess high-density cells filled with a gas (non-HCFC), which allows the foam to expand. Open-cell foams are not as dense and are filled with air, producing a spongy texture when applied. However, some low-density varieties use carbon dioxide as the foaming agent.

Characteristics:

  • *-High cost
  • Not environmentally friendly
  • Fire resistant
  • Great sound insulator**

​-STC 50 (insulation only) Open cell spray foam insulation

​-STC 50 (insulation only) Closed cell spray foam insulation

  • New foams use non-CFCs gas as a blowing agent
  • Lightweight
  • *-R-value of R-6.3 per inch**
  • Contains low-conductivity gas in its cells
  • Thermal drift or ageing occurs only in closed-cell foams in the first two years after application. To slow down thermal drift, a layer of foil and plastic facings can be applied facing the open aire space creating a radiant barrier.
  • *-Sprayed foam is cheaper than foam boards and performs better**.
  • Sprayed foams can expand rapidly or slowly depending on the user demands
  • *-Resistant to water vapor diffusion**

Available in:

  • Foam board or rigid foam
  • Sprayed foam and foamed-in-place
  • Structural insulated panels (SIP)
32
Q

Natural Fibers

A

Many natural fibers have applications in building insulation. Some examples are cotton, sheep’s wool, straw and hemp.

Cotton is available in batts and rolls, and it offers the following features:

Consists of 85% recycled cotton and 15% plastic fibers

Treated with borate (flame retardant and insect repellent)

Minimum energy requirements for manufacturing

​-STC 45 (insulation only) (blue jean denim insulation

Sheep wool is also available and batts and rolls, and it has the following characteristics:

Treated with borate to resist pest, fire and mold.

Holds water, but repeated wetting and drying reduces borate effect

Straw has been used as insulation since the 1930s. It is available as boards or structural insulated panels (SIP), which are sound-absorbing and with typical width of 2” to 4”.

Hemp is not a common insulation material in the US, although it has R-values comparable to those of other fibrous insulation types.

33
Q

Cementitious Foam

A

As implied by its name, this insulation material is cement-based. It is nontoxic and nonflammable, and made from minerals extracted from seawater. Cementitious foam is similar to polyurethane foam, and can be sprayed and foamed-in-place.

34
Q

What Are Insulation Facings?

A

Facings are coatings attached to insulation during the manufacturing process or afterwards. Their main purposes are protecting the surface, holding the insulation together, and simplifying the attachment to building components. Depending on the type of facing, it can also accomplish the following functions:

Acting as an air and vapor barrier

Flame resistance

Aluminum foil in particular is also a radiant barrier

Some most common types of facing are kraft paper, white vinyl sheeting and aluminum foil.

35
Q

Swing clear hinges

A

allow doors to swing completely out of the opening which allows the maximum clearance. These hinges are good for equipment room doors, hospital corridors, and where large equipment moving is necessary.

36
Q

Detention Hinge

A

Detention hinges are heavy-weight hinges that are used in cell-front doors and gated steel doors of penitentiaries.

37
Q

Spring Hinge

A

Spring Hinges provide doors to self-close

38
Q

Anchor Hinge:

A

Anchor hinges are good for heavy and frequent use such as hospitals, schools, and public-use buildings.

39
Q

Silicone sealants

A

Silicone sealants have the highest moving capability and it is the reason why they are used on more dynamic joints. Silicon also has the best durability compared to other sealants

40
Q

Polyurethane sealants

A

Polyurethane sealants have great abrasion resistance but their movement capacity is low.

41
Q

Acrylic and butyl caulk

A

Acrylic and butyl caulk also have very low movement capacity, so butyl caulk is more preferred between non-moving / static joints in buildings.

42
Q
A

full mortise

43
Q
A

half mortise

44
Q
A

full surface

45
Q
A

half surface

46
Q

the structural insulated panel (SIP), stc

A

the structural insulated panel (SIP) system is typically made of OSB or plywood panels connected by a rigid plastic foam insulation core which is generally made of expanded polystyrene. SIP is a proprietary system that differs from manufacturer to manufacturer but it is a poor acoustical material due to the core being an acoustical bridge.

A typical SIP has a STC rating of 21-23.
By comparison, a standard 2x4 wood frame wall with 1/2” drywall has an STC of 30-34 and an ICF wall (6” core) has an STC rating of 50+

47
Q

types of hydrated lime

A

• Type N (normal) hydrated lime

• Type S (special) hydrated lime, which has more water content and therefore more workability. It is also more expensive than Type N.

48
Q

TPO roof membrane

A

TPO is thermoplastic so seams can be heat fused (similar to PVC membrane). This is an advantage compared to EPDM.

It is more flexible than PVC but not as flexible as EPDM. This makes it advantageous compared to other thermoplastic options: PVC.

It is more economical than PVC.

Combining the advantages of EPDM and PVC, TPO increased its popularity among single-ply membranes.

49
Q

Butyl caulk, also known as polyisobutylene

A

Butyl caulk, also known as polyisobutylene is the best water sealant among them all, it has the lowest water vapor permeability.

50
Q

Stucco finish

A

Stucco finish is much lighter than any concrete or masonry curtain wall system, therefore it is also preferred in seismically active areas because it doesn’t add extra mass to the structure which will increase the effects of seismic loads on buildings.

Stucco is a porous breathable material so it allows absorbed rainwater to evaporate as well. When applied to a concrete substrate as in this scenario, it becomes part of the barrier wall. Unlike drainage walls, barrier walls don’t have the means to drain the water.

Stucco cladding can be applied on concrete, steel, or wood substrates

Stucco cladding over concrete is not prone to molding due to lack of water drainage

51
Q

ICF wall

A

Insulating concrete forms (ICFs) result in cast-in-place concrete walls that are sandwiched between two layers of insulation material. These systems are strong and energy-efficient. Common applications for this method of construction are low-rise buildings, with property uses ranging from residential to commercial to industrial

ICF wall (6” core) has an STC rating of 50+

PDD/PPD (20 decks)

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