SITE Flashcards
parking access aisle size
Access Aisles: ALL ACCESSIBLE PARKING MUST HAVE AN ACCESSIBLE Aisles AT LEAST 60”WIDE ON AT LEAST ONE SIDE, EXTENDING THE FULL LENGTH OF THE SPACE.
ONE CAN BE SHARED BY TWO ACCESSIBLE SPACES, ON ANGLED ACCESS ON PASSENGER SIDE OF THE VAN.
slope formula
S = DE / L slope = Elevation Change (DE) / Distance (L)
slope Streets
Crown of paved street 2-3% Longitudinal slope of local streets 0.5 - 20%
slope Site drainage:
5% min away from buildings 2% min for impervious surfaces 1.5% - 10% for grass areas
slope Paved parking lots
2-3% 20% max
slope Sanitary sewers:
(1/4” / 1’ (2%) for 2” pipes, 1/8” / 1’ (1%) for 3-6” pipes)
slope ADA Ramps
Not greater than 1:12 (8.3%)
slope IBC Ramps
Not greater than 1: 12 (8.3%) when component of egress Not greater than 1: 8 (12.5%) elsewhere
slope athletic field
2% max
Min width of ramp
36”
max Run between landings
30’
max rise between landings
30”
Handrail of ramp
34-38” high Handrail required on both sides if rise greater than 6”, extend handrail 12” beyond top and bottom of ramp
Standard size parking
9’ x 19’
single and double loaded parking aisle - total width
single loaded aisles 43’
double loaded aisles 62’
sf per car
Ballpark 400 sf per car
Accessible car spaces
Accessible car spaces must be at least 96 inches wide,
acessible parking size + van space Size+ Vertical clearance
Accessible car spaces must be at least 96” wide (8’), Accessible van spaces must be at least 132” wide (11’). Accessible van spaces minimum vertical clearance of 98”.
1-25 TOTAL cars in lot, how many accessible spaces are needed?
1 AS
101-150 TOTAL cars in lot, how many accessible spaces are needed?
5 AS
500 - 1000 TOTAL cars in lot, how many accessible spaces are needed?
2%AS
1001 OR MORE cars in lot, how many accessible spaces are needed?
20 + 1 PER 100
Building orientation:
Ideally rectangular building with longer dim should be oriented east -west
CONSIDERING SLIGHTLY LOWER MORNING TEMPERATURES, Axis slightly east of south:
COLD CLIMATES, ENTRANCE BEST PLACED ON LEEWARD (WIND SHADOW) side to avoid cold winter winds.
In tempered climates entrances should be on the south side to make them more inviting and to capitalize on the natural snow melting effects of the sun. Hot climates long side can be oriented towards cooling breezes.
Building shape: Cold Climate
square or cubic - surface are should be minimized for heat loss during winter
building shape for Tempered climate
shape has less effect. Elongated for winter sun gain
Building shape for Hot arid climat
squarer shapes, external load dominant - courtyards, internal load - solid multistory
Building shape for Hot humid climate
elongated east west, courtyards, broad overhangs
albedo
how much albedo has a black surface? a mirror?
or solar reflectance (SR)
fraction of radiant energy received on a surface that is reflected.
Number from zero to 1.0.
black surface that absorbed all the light has albedo of 0, a mirror an albedo of 1.
Emissivity
is inverse to albedo, ability of a surface to emit stored energy 0-1.0
(opaque surface emissivity and albedo add up to 1.0 thermal emittance or emittance)
Solar reflectance index (SRI)
black surface
mirror surface
Solar Reflective Index
albedo and emissivity combined…
measure of a roofs ability to reject solar heat
- black surface (with reflectivity of 0.05 and emittance of 0.90) has an SRI of zero
- white surface (reflectivity of 0.80 and emittance of 0.90) SRI of 100
Reflective surface would have an SRI of about 122
Liquid Limit of soil
Moisture content at which a soil will flow and not retain its shape
Plastic Limit of soil
Moisture content at which a soil deforms plastically. (rolled into long threads – measure of how thin it can roll without cracking)
Plasticity Index (PSI) of soil
Numerical difference between Liquid Limit and Plastic Limit, which results in a range of moisture in which soil behaves as a plastic material.
A PI over 15 is a good measure of an expansive soil.
Liquid Limit - Plastic limit = PSI
f.e. 79 LL - 71PL = 8PSI
chance of 100 year flood:
1% chance
chance of 10 year flood:
10% chance
Base flood elevation (BFE)?
Freeboard?
Regulatory floodway?
Base flood elevation (BFE) - rounded whole foot elevation of 1% annual chance of flood. Local jurisdictions use it to determine finish floor elevations in residential structures.
Freeboard: additional height above BFE by local jurisdiction requirements
Regulatory floodway: area required to remain free of encroachment to allow 100 year flood to flow freely. Fed regulations default to 1foot
what is a basin
underground reservoir that has sump built into it. Debris settles in the sump instead of flowing down the sewer. Gets cleaned out periodically.
Required capacity is based on size of area to be drained, runoff coefficient and amount of water to be drained at most severe storm anticipated by design.
Holding pond
for runoff exceeding local sewer system capacity.
Releases into system at a controlled rate.
what is a catch basin
is used to contain runoff until it can flow into a storm sewer, which will not contribute to supplemental irrigation.
what is a bio basin
will treat water but is not used for irrigation.
what is a Detention basins
are used for flood protection, not irrigation. Dry basins that only fill with water during a rain. Detention basins are designed to mimic storm water flow pre-development. They do not emulate natural drainage basin functions.
Retention Basin
Holds water in a pool. The only outlet is through an emergency spillway, allowing the flow of water to be controlled when the basin is too full.
PLSS what areParallels & Meridians
Parallels - east-west lines follow lines of latitude, baseline divides north and south
Meridians - north south . Principall meridian decides East and west
PLSS Checks, Townships, Sections
Checks 24 miles sq
Townships 6 miles sq, called by referencing parallels and Meridiens
Sections 1mile sq
Solar Panel Tilt
@ latitude deg year-round,
latitude +15 deg in summer,
latitude -15 deg in winter
Cold Climate Design
Compact/cubical form, partially underground, minimize north exposure/windows, maximize south exposure/windows, minimize exposed surfaces to reduce heat loss, block winter winds, vestibules, high thermal mass, summer shading, dark/medium exterior colors, bottom leeward side of hills.
12° off south towards east perfect orientaion
Hot-Humid Climate Design
Narrow floor plans, max/cross ventilation, minimize thermal mass, shade all openings, light exterior colors, most difficult to design without mechanical cooling, top of hills
25° off south towards east perfect orientaion
Temperate Climate design
rectangular form, east-west axis, Maximize southern exposure, design for winter heat gain but summer shading, night-time ventilation, summer ventilation but block winter winds, medium exterior colors, middle leeward side of hills
17.5° off south towards east perfect orientaion
Hot-Arid Climate design
Compact form, small surface area, minimize openings, high thermal mass, nigh ventilation, pools for evaporative cooling, shade direct sunlight, light exterior colors, top of hills
5° off south towards east perfect orientaion
Acid rain
Acid rain is caused by sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides(NOx). Dioxins are released from burning trash and eaten by cows, which are eaten by humans.
Pocket wetland
The pocket wetland is suitable for up to 10 acres and due to the smaller size, is not an attractant for wildlife. In addition, it has only moderate pollutant removal, and is compatible with the stated goals of the project.
Detention pond
Requires a minimum of 10 acres to be effective. While the removal of pollutants would be in line with the goals, it also tends to attract wildlife due to the size of the pond,
Pond wetland
This system would require approx 25 or more acres of available land to be effective. This system also tends to attract waterfowl and cleans a very high level of pollutants
Shallow marsh
This system would require approx 25 or more acres of available land to be effective, as shallow marsh consumes much land. In addition, the large spread would attract wildlife. This system is more applicable to high pollutant removal, which is not necessary for the stated goals of this wetland project.
concave or convex slope?
concave slope
concave or convex slope?
convex slope
1 acre
43,560 sf
Proxemics
Proxemics is based on the concept that people like to maintain personal space. Territoriality is a component of proxemics, but it suggests laying claim to an area, which would not be a factor in a public space.
Q. Which are the best orientations for daylighting?
North and south
Q. In order to receive LEED credit, what percentage of wood products must come from a certified forest?
At least 50% of wood products for a project must come from a certified forest to obtain LEED credit.
Eminent domain
Eminent domain is the U.S. government’s power to acquire property for public use.
angle of the sun at solar noon during sommer solstice , winter solstice and the equinoxes when the lattitdue is given.
When orienting a building on a site, an architect should account for which of the following climatic conditions? Select the (3) that apply.
Solar orientation
Average rainfall
Natural features
Snow loads
Prevailing wind direction
When orienting a building on a site, an architect should account for average rainfall, snow loads, and prevailing wind direction, all of which are representative of climactic conditions. Solar orientation and natural features are site conditions.
Restrictive Covenant
Restrictive Covenant: limitations and stipulations used in residential settings. Can be aesthetic (allowable color pallets, vegetation types/pruning, fencing materials) pet control (how many and/or living conditions), or storage related (visibility of parked cars/boats/ campers).
Affirmative Covenant:
Affirmative Covenant: commits a buyer to performing duties in the future (e.g. will make payments for common charges in a condo)
Conditional Covenant:
Conditional Covenant: If restriction is violated or disregarded, the land will revet back to original owners/heirs.
Preservation
least amount of work done to the building and any interventions are as
inconspicuous as possible
Preservation/Restoration occurs to buildings that are specifically significant (designed by
a famous architect, housed an important historic event, etc). These buildings are typically
on the National Register of Historic Place
Rehabilitation
• Rehabilitation: retain and repair historic materials, but some replacement of
damaged material is ok, as are additions that convey historic values
Rehabilitation occurs to buildings in a significant historic district, but aren’t individually
significant (and are more likely to be able to take on a new use).
Restoration
emove inconsistent features and replace missing features in
accordance with the restoration period
Preservation/Restoration occurs to buildings that are specifically significant (designed by
a famous architect, housed an important historic event, etc). These buildings are typically
on the National Register of Historic Place
Reconstruction
• Reconstruction: new construction to look like how something existed at an earlier
time
Kevin Lynch’s The Image of the City
. Also known as legibility, the ease with which people understand the layout of a place based on the following:
- *Paths**: streets, sidewalks, trails that people travel on
- *Edges**: perceived boundaries like walls, buildings, shorelines Districts: city sections distinguished by some identity/ character
- *Nodes**: focal points, intersections
- *Landmarks:** readily identifiable objects become reference points
Improve soil bearing capacity (6 ways)
• Fill: poor soil is replace with the appropriate soil, sand, and gravel mix
• Compaction: usually of existing soil with a technique similar to compaction of fill.
• Densification: use of heavy pounding piles/vibration/weights to compact and fill voids.
- Surcharging: adding fill to existing soil and allowing settlement to take place with time.
- Mixing: addition of sand or gravel to the soil.
- Geotextiles - permeabel flexible fabrics and matting typically synthetic, used to stabilize marginal soils below footings
Invert
Invert:
the lowest point or lowest inside surface of a drain, sewer, pipe, etc. established due to the dependency of gravity
Culvert
Culvert: drain or channel that permits the passage of water below ground. Typically a large diameter concrete or metal pipe often used under a road
Life-cycle cost analysis: (LccA)
Life-cycle cost analysis: (LccA) method for determining the total cost of a building, building components or systems over a period of time.
Considers initial cost, financing, operation, maintenance, replacement and disposal.
Study period depends on client, situation. Cost comparison of 2 or more alternatives.
Residue value - remaining value of element after study period based on resale value, salvage value, or scrap value.
Not an LCA- analyzes the environmental impact of a product or building over the entire life of the product or system.
(Lca) whole- building life cycle assessment:
Base case or reference model - typical construction practices of same type , size and location.
Design case - actual design of building
Models are limited to structure and enclosure of building,
FF&E or site work are not included!
external load dominated building:
external load dominated building: energy use is determined mainly by the amount of heat loss or gain through its exterior envelope. Usually few occupants per unit & small amount of heat gain from lighting, equipment and people.
F.E. Houses, pats, condos, warehouses.
Internal load dominated building:
energy use is driven by high heat gain from occupants, lighting and equipment. Office buildings, hospitals, retail, schools and laboratories
on-site remediation
- Before construction begins
Solidification or vitrification or stabilization
Soil vapor extraction
Incineration -
Bioremediation
Soil washing
Solvent extraction
Dechlorination -
Phytoremediation
Air sparging -
Passive treatment wells
Masonry in historic buildings
Identify retain and preserve - unique masonry features should be identified and not altered or covered up
Protect and maintain - proper drainage cleaned only when absolutely necessary, gentlest method possible, no sandblasting or chemical products, paint only removed when damaged, only to next sound layer, gentlest
Repair - masonry and mortar may be repaired, mortar should be repointed by hand-raking joints, replaced to match. No electric saws or hammers. No high portland cement content for mortar. Repairs to be recognized methods of preservation.
Replace - replaced with reproduction
Remove - if structure from later periods - remove and store to facilitate research
Recreate missing features
Renovation projects have the most phasing requirements. Essential services buildings typically must remain functional at all times..
Cercla
Cercla - passed in 1980 - superfund
An architect is working on a project in an unfamiliar location. Where should the architect look to determine the climate zone of the project site?
International Energy Conservation Code (IECC).
Climate data for building science is found in the International Energy Conservation Code. These maps are used to determine the climate zone for designing building envelopes and mechanical systems in buildings.
The bioclimatic chart measures which two variables to determine the comfort zone?
Temperature and relative humidity
life cycle assessment of the environmental impact of a material
(LCA)
An LCA would include
goal definition,
inventory analysis,
impact assessment,
and improvement analysis.
It would not include a transportation analysis or recommend a recycling method.
A small three story building in a temperate climate calls for passive cooling. Which of the following strategies would be effective? Select the (3) that apply
a Exterior shading and a central vertical space with roof venting
b Cross ventilation without ceiling fans
c Cross ventilation and ceiling fans with airfoil blades powered by photovoltaics
d Exterior shading and cross ventilation oriented to best achieve summer shading
a c d
a Exterior shading and a central vertical space with roof venting
c Cross ventilation and ceiling fans with airfoil blades powered by photovoltaics
d Exterior shading and cross ventilation oriented to best achieve summer shading
cool roof
cool roof, the roof’s surface must have a reflectivity (albedo) greater than 0.65 so it absorbs less heat on sunny days . . . .and an emissivity of greater than 0.66 so that it radiates the absorbed heat back to the night sky on clear nights.
Someone smart and helpful developed a single-number metric, the solar reflectivity index (SRI) to combine these two ideas, albedo and emissivity. SRI falls somewhere between 0 and 100, with a higher SRI corresponding to a higher-performing roof—one with a small entrance door for heat to be let in and a large exit door for heat, once it has entered, to leave. If you are designing a large building or a building in a warm climate, you’ll want to spec a roof with an SRI value of at least 78.
on-site remediation - Solidification
Solidification or vitrification or stabilization - Removes water and changes the soil chemically to reduce permeability and transport of contaminants by percolation (filtering of fluids)
Soil vapor extraction
Soil vapor extraction - used to remove VOC from soil through wells.
soil washing
is an ex-situ remediation technique that removes hazardous contaminants from soil by washing the soil with a liquid (often with a chemical additive), scrubbing the soil, and then separating the clean soils from contaminated soil and washwate
Bioremediation
Bioremediation is a term that refers to a number of remediation technologies for treatment of both soil and groundwater using microorganisms .
Bioremediation is typically used to treat sites contaminated with organic substances , but it can also be used to immobilize inorganic contaminants such as heavy metals, although this is a developing area
Stabilization and solidification (S/S) soil remediation
Stabilization and solidification (S/S) is a soil remediation process by which contaminants are rendered immobile through reactions with additives or processes. During this process, also called immobilization, fixation, or encapsulation, contaminants may be chemically bound or encapsulated into a matrix.
Electrokinetic Remediation
Electrokinetic remediation can be performed as an in-situ remediation where the soil is not excavated for the purpose of decontamination . This method involves the application of direct current of low density to the contaminated site. An electric field is created by inserting electrodes in the contaminated site and passing low density DC making the contaminant particles mobile in the soil media. The contaminants get transported towards the electrodes and they are pumped out.
This technique is usually used for removing organic and inorganic pollutants including heavy metals, radionuclides and hydrocarbons from soils with low permeability.
Vitrification
Vitrification is the transformation of a substance into a glass. This is usually achieved by heating to high temperature and rapid cooling. In geoenvironmental engineering, soil vitrification is a method that embeds the waste into a glassy matrix so that hazardous waste will not leak out. . The melted soil is then refrozen into glass-like solid.
Since the glass-like solid is chemically inert and has low leaching characteristics, it has superb performance in isolating the waste from the environment.
treat hazardous and radioactive waste, organic waste because the high temperature will make organics inactivated.
phytoremediation
phytoremediation is the process of using vegetation to break down and/or remove environmental contaminants. While extensive planning and design work may be required, the main process is driven by nature and often requires little to no additional maintenance inputs.
method works best for a “polishing treatment” with low-levels of existing contamination. Target contaminants generally include hydrophilic or hydrotolerant heavy metals such as cadmium, nickel, zinc, arsenic, selenium and copper.
Civil scope vs landscape scope
Civil
Water service to building
Topography for buildings and site
Drainage provided for buildings and site
Details related to site elements and structures
Landscape
Water service for sprinklers
Topography largely ignored
Designed around drainage
Details primarily related to irrigation and some minor site elements (like decomposed granite)
The most important components of architectural site drawings are
accessibility and fire access
Sovent System
The Sovent system allows the drain, waste and venting to be accomplished through a single stack. … The aerator also has a double inline offset configuration, which performs as a vertical velocity break and controls the vertical flow of the waste and water that is discharged into the Sovent system
No construction may be placed in the zone of influence below
the foundation
45°
