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endocrine > systems and receptors > Flashcards

systems and receptors Flashcards

1
Q

what do G-protein coupled receptors do

A

activate adjacent enzymes like adenylyl cyclase

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2
Q

what happens when adrenaline binds to beta2adrenoceptor

A

conformational change that allows the alpha subunit to attach to receptor
-then alpha subunit is activated by exchange of GDP to GTP

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3
Q

what does alpha subunit do when it has a GTP

A

attach to adenylyl cyclase which then causes the change of ATP to cAMP

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4
Q

when does adenylyl cyclase switch off

A

when GTP attached turns back into GDP

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5
Q

where are alpha 2 adrenoceptors located

A

gut

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6
Q

what happens when adrenaline binds to the alpha 2 adrenoceptor

A

relaxation of the GI tract

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7
Q

what is the principle transduction of alpha 1

A

Galpha q - activation of phospholipase C increase IP3 and DAG

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8
Q

what is the physiological effect of the activation of alpha 1

A

vasoconstriction of blood vessels

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9
Q

principal transduction of alpha 2

A

Galpha i - inhibition of adenylyl cyclase, decreases cAMP, increase K channels, decreases Ca channels

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10
Q

principal transduction of beta 1

A

G alpha s - stimulation of adenylyl cyclase, increases cAMP

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11
Q

physiological effect of beta 1 activation

A

increased heart rate and cardiac muscle contraction

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12
Q

prinicpal transduction of beta 2

A

Galpha s - stimulation of adenylyl cyclase which increases cAMP

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13
Q

physiological effect of beta 2 activation

A
  • dilation of bronchi

- increased HR and cardiac contraction (less than beta 1)

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14
Q

principal transduction of beta 3

A

stimulation of adenylyl cyclase which increases cAMP

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15
Q

physiological effect of activation of beta 3

A

thermogenesis in skeletal muscle and lipolysis

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16
Q

what is tyrosine activated by

A

ATP

17
Q

does tyrosine produce more than one cellular response

A

yes

18
Q

what is autocrine regulation

A

chemicals released from the cells bind to receptors on or in the cell that is releasing them

19
Q

what is paracrine regulation

A

chemicals released from the cells bind to receptors on adjacent cells

20
Q

what is endocrine regulation

A

chemicals released from the secretory cells are usually transported via the circulatory system

21
Q

what provides the highest level of endocrine control

A

hypothalamus

22
Q

how does the hypothalamus integrate activities of nervous and endocrine system

A
  • secretion of regulatory hormones
  • synthesises hormones and transports them to posterior pituitary via infundibulum
  • direct neural control function - control secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline
23
Q

what are the diurnal control of hormone levels

A
  • external cues evoke fluctuations in hormone secretions

- hormone levels are also influenced by the rate at which they are eliminated by the body

24
Q

what does adrenaline cause the pancreatic alpha cells to do

A

release glucagon

25
Q

how does stress affect glucose levels

A

increases them

26
Q

what are the three groups hormones are classed into

A
  • steroid
  • amine-derived
  • proteins
27
Q

are steroids hydrophilic or hydrophobic

A

hydrophobic

-transported in blood by binding to carrier proteins

28
Q

what do steroids initiate to happen?

A
  • activated hormone-receptor complex forms within cell
  • the complex binds to DNA and activates specific genes
  • gene activation results in production of key proteins
29
Q

what are amine proteins secreted from

A

thyroid and adrenal medulla

30
Q

are peptide hormones hydrophilic or hydrophobic

A

hydrophilic

31
Q

where are peptide hormones secreted

A

by pituitary, parathyroid, heart, stomach, liver and kidneys

32
Q

what does binding of hormones to carrier proteins make happen

A
  • facilitation of hormone transport
  • increased half-life of the hormone
  • a reservoir for the hormone
33
Q

name some important carrier proteins

A
  • cortisol binding globulin
  • thyroxine-binding globulin
  • sex steroid binding globulin
34
Q

what hormones does the hypothalamus release

A

TRH and CRH

35
Q

what hormones does pituitary release

A
  • TSH
  • ACTH
  • LH
  • FSH
  • Growth hormone
  • oxytocin
  • prolactin
  • MSH
  • ADH
36
Q

what hormones does thyroid/parathyroid release

A
  • T4
  • T3
  • CT
  • PTH

endocrine (40 decks)

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