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endocrine > pituitary and adrenal pathology > Flashcards

pituitary and adrenal pathology Flashcards

1
Q

what does the anterior pituitary secrete

A

trophic and non trophic hormones

  • TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH
  • GH and prolactin
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2
Q

what does the posterior pituitary secrete

A

ADH and oxytocin

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3
Q

where is neurohypophysis found

A

posterior pituitary

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4
Q

where is the adenohypophysis found

A

anterior pituitary

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5
Q

what cells is the anterior pituitary composed of

A
  • acidophils
  • basophils
  • chromophobe
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6
Q

what is the posterior pituitary composed of

A

non-myelinated axons of neurosecretory neurons

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7
Q

what can cause hyperfunction in anterior pituitary

A
  • adenoma

- carcinoma

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8
Q

cause of anterior pituitary hypofunction

A
  • surgery/radiation
  • sudden haemorrhage
  • ischaemic necrosis
  • tumours
  • inflammation
  • hypothalamic lesions
  • traumatic brain injury
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9
Q

cause of pituitary adenoma

A

sporadic or MEN1

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10
Q

effects of large pituitary adenomas

A
  • visual field defects
  • can cause pressure atrophy of surrounding normal tissue
  • infarction can lead to panhypopituitarism
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11
Q

name three most commone functional pituitary adenomas

A
  • prolactinoma
  • growth hormone secreting
  • ACTH secreting
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12
Q

symptoms of prolactinoma

A
  • infertility
  • lack of libido
  • ammenorrhea
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13
Q

features of craniopharyngioma

A
  • derived from remnants of Rathke’s pouch
  • slow growing
  • often cystic
  • may calcify
  • headaches and visual disturbances
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14
Q

what are the three zones of the adrenal cortex

A
  • zona glomerulosa
  • zona fasciculata
  • zona reticularis
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15
Q

what is the medulla of the adrenal gland

A

central core of adrenal gland

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16
Q

what diseases can cause adrenal pathology

A
  • pituitary disease
  • ectopic ACTH secretion from other malignancies
  • shock/DIC
17
Q

causes of adrenal hypofunction

A
  • hyperplasia
  • adenoma
  • carcinoma
18
Q

what is congenital cause of adrenocorticol hyperplasia

A
  • group of autosomal recessive disorders
  • deficiency/lack of enzyme required for biosynthesis
  • altered biosynthesis leads to increased androgen production
  • reduced cortisol stimulates ACTH release and corticol hyperplasia
19
Q

what is acquired cause of adrenocorticol hyperplasia

A
  • endogenous ACTH production
  • bilateral adrenal enlargement
  • diffuse or nodular
  • diffuse is ACTH driven
20
Q

presentation of adrenocorticol tumours

A
  • hormonal effects
  • mass lesions
  • carcinomas with necrosis can cause fever
21
Q

histological features of adrenocorticol adenomas

A
  • well differentiated
  • small nuclei
  • rare mitoses
  • quite small
22
Q

are adrenal carcinomas likely to be functional or non-functional

A

functional

23
Q

spread of an adrenocorticol carcinoma

A
  • local invasion (retroperitoneum, kidney)
  • vascular
  • peritoneum and pleura
  • regional lymph nodes
24
Q

features of adrenocorticol carcinoma

A
  • large size
  • haemorrhage and necrosis
  • frequent mitoses
  • lack of clear cells
  • capsular or vascular invasion
25
Q

cause of secondary adrenocorticol hypofunction

A
  • failure to stimulate adrenal cortex

- suppression of adrenal cortex

26
Q

treatment of adrenocorticol hypofunction if suppression of adrenal cortex

A

steroids

27
Q

causes of chronic adrenocorticol insufficiency

A
  • addison’s disease
  • autoimmune adrenalitis
  • infections
  • metastatic malignancy
28
Q

when does addison’s disease manifest

A

once significant decrease in glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid levels

29
Q

symptoms of addison’s disease

A
  • weakness
  • fatigue
  • anorexia
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • weight loss
  • diarrhoea
  • pigmentation
30
Q

who gets neuroblastomas

A

babies

31
Q

what is phaechromocytoma derived from

A

chromaffin cells

32
Q

symptoms of phaechromocytoma

A

-hypertension

33
Q

complications of phaechromocytoma

A

cardiac failure

endocrine (40 decks)

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