anatomy Flashcards
what produces hormones in the cranial cavity
- hypothalamus
- pituitary gland
what produces hormones in the neck
- thyroid gland
- parathyroid gland
what produces hormones in the abdomen
- two adrenal glands
- pancreas
what produces hormones in female pelvis
-two ovaries in broad ligaments
what produces hormones in the male perineum
two testes in scrotum
what forms the diencephalon
the thalamus and hypothalamus
what connects the hypothalamus and pituitary gland
infundibulum
what makes up the adenohypophysis (anterior lobe of pituitary gland)
- pars distalis
- pars tuberalis
- pars intermedia
what does the adenohypophysis do
responsible for synthesis and release of most pituitary hormones
what is the neurohypophysis (posterior lobe) made of
pars nervosa
what does the neurohypophysis do
- extension of brain
- releases ADH and oxytocin
where is the pituitary gland
in the pituitary fossa of sphenoid bone
what is the early clinical effect of pituitary tumour on visual pathway
- disrupts transmission of action potentials from nasal retina bilaterally
- patient loses the ability to see structures in temporal side of visual field bilaterally
- bitemporal hemianopia
what are the two surgical approaches to the pituitary gland
- transcranial approach
- transsphenoidal approach
what are paranasal sinuses
air filled spaces within bones surrounding nasal cavities
function of paranasal sinuses
- secrete mucous which drains into nasal cavities through ostia
- reduce weight of skull
- add resonance to voice
what do the venous channels within the dura mater do
drain most of venous blood from cranial cavity into internal jugular veins
where does the clavicular head of the sternocleidomastoid attach to
the medial end of the clavicle
where does the sternal head of the sternocleidomastoid attach to
the manubrium of the temporal bone
what cranial nerve are the platysma muscles innervated by
cranial nerve VII (facial nerve)
what does the investing fascia enclose
- trapezius
- sternocleidomastoid
what does the prevertebral fascia enclose
- postural neck muscles
- cervical vertebrae
what does the carotid sheath enclose
- deep cervical lymph nodes
- vagus nerve
- common carotid artery
- internal jugular vein
what does the pretracheal fascia enclose
- oesophagus
- thyroid gland
- strap muscles
- recurrent laryngeal nerves
what does the thyroid gland consist of
- two lateral lobes
- isthmus
how many parathyroid glands are there
four
what are the tracheal lymph nodes
- pretracheal node
- paratracheal nodes
what are the different surgical approaches to the thyroid gland
- classical thyroidectomy
- endoscopically assisted thyroidectomy
- endoscopic trans-axillary approach
- endoscopic trans-breast approach
