anatomy

Question 1

what produces hormones in the cranial cavity

Answer 1

• hypothalamus

- pituitary gland

Question 2

what produces hormones in the neck

Answer 2

• thyroid gland

- parathyroid gland

Question 3

what produces hormones in the abdomen

Answer 3

• two adrenal glands

- pancreas

Question 4

what produces hormones in female pelvis

Answer 4

-two ovaries in broad ligaments

Question 5

what produces hormones in the male perineum

Answer 5

two testes in scrotum

Question 6

what forms the diencephalon

Answer 6

the thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 7

what connects the hypothalamus and pituitary gland

Answer 7

infundibulum

Question 8

what makes up the adenohypophysis (anterior lobe of pituitary gland)

Answer 8

• pars distalis
• pars tuberalis
• pars intermedia

Question 9

what does the adenohypophysis do

Answer 9

responsible for synthesis and release of most pituitary hormones

Question 10

what is the neurohypophysis (posterior lobe) made of

Answer 10

pars nervosa

Question 11

what does the neurohypophysis do

Answer 11

• extension of brain

- releases ADH and oxytocin

Question 12

where is the pituitary gland

Answer 12

in the pituitary fossa of sphenoid bone

Question 13

what is the early clinical effect of pituitary tumour on visual pathway

Answer 13

• disrupts transmission of action potentials from nasal retina bilaterally
• patient loses the ability to see structures in temporal side of visual field bilaterally
• bitemporal hemianopia

Question 14

what are the two surgical approaches to the pituitary gland

Answer 14

• transcranial approach

- transsphenoidal approach

Question 15

what are paranasal sinuses

Answer 15

air filled spaces within bones surrounding nasal cavities

Question 16

function of paranasal sinuses

Answer 16

• secrete mucous which drains into nasal cavities through ostia
• reduce weight of skull
• add resonance to voice

Question 17

what do the venous channels within the dura mater do

Answer 17

drain most of venous blood from cranial cavity into internal jugular veins

Question 18

where does the clavicular head of the sternocleidomastoid attach to

Answer 18

the medial end of the clavicle

Question 19

where does the sternal head of the sternocleidomastoid attach to

Answer 19

the manubrium of the temporal bone

Question 20

what cranial nerve are the platysma muscles innervated by

Answer 20

cranial nerve VII (facial nerve)

Question 21

what does the investing fascia enclose

Answer 21

• trapezius

- sternocleidomastoid

Question 22

what does the prevertebral fascia enclose

Answer 22

• postural neck muscles

- cervical vertebrae

Question 23

what does the carotid sheath enclose

Answer 23

• deep cervical lymph nodes
• vagus nerve
• common carotid artery
• internal jugular vein

Question 24

what does the pretracheal fascia enclose

Answer 24

• oesophagus
• thyroid gland
• strap muscles
• recurrent laryngeal nerves

Question 25

what does the thyroid gland consist of

Answer 25

• two lateral lobes

- isthmus

Question 26

how many parathyroid glands are there

Answer 26

four

Question 27

what are the tracheal lymph nodes

Answer 27

• pretracheal node

- paratracheal nodes

Question 28

what are the different surgical approaches to the thyroid gland

Answer 28

• classical thyroidectomy
• endoscopically assisted thyroidectomy
• endoscopic trans-axillary approach
• endoscopic trans-breast approach