diabetes Flashcards
what are the thresholds for diagnosing diabetes
- fasting plasma glucose = 126mg/dl = 7mmol/L
- 2hr plasma glucose = 200mg/dl=11.1mmol/L
- HbA1c = 5.8% = 48mmol/mol
diagnosis of diabetes
random or 2hr glucose >= 11.1
OR
a fasting glucose of >=7mmol/L
OR
an HbA1c >= 48mmol/mol
normal level of fasting glucose
6mmol/L
2hr glucose normal level
7.7mmol/L and below
normal HbA1c level
41mmol/mol and below
where does insulin come from
beta cells in the pancreatic islet
what is insulin released in response to
raise in plasma glucose
where is glucagon released from
alpha cells in pancreatic islet
what is glucagon released in response to
low glucose levels
what is C-peptide
released with insulin from beta cells and is not part of injected insulin
-used to measure how much insulin is being produced from someones beta cells (endogenous insulin secretion)
cause of diabetes
- pure disorder of beta cells
- increased insulin resistance with an inability to compensate by increasing beta-cell function
what endocrinopathies can cause diabetes
- cushing’s syndrome
- acromegaly
- phaeochromocytoma
- glucagonoma
what is type 1 diabetes
autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic beta cells resulting in beta-cell deficiency
what is type two diabetes
ranges from predominantly insulin resistance with relative insulin deficiency to predominantly an insulin secretory defect with insulin resistance
presentation of diabetes
- often asymptomatic
- polyuria
- thirst and polydipsia
- blurred vision
- genital thrush
- fatigue
- weight loss
- loss of vision/retinal bleed or retinal changes - RARE
