hyperparathyroidism Flashcards
what do chief cells produce parathyroid hormone in response to
hypocalcaemia
how does the parathyroid hormone raise blood calcium
- increasing osteoclast activity in bones
- increasing calcium absorption from the gut
- increasing calcium absorption from the kidneys
- increasing vitamin D activity
how does vitamin D act to increase calcium levels
it increases calcium absorption from the intestines
symptoms of hypercalcaemia
- renal stones
- painful bones
- abdominal groans
- psychiatric moans
what is primary hyperparathyroidism caused by
uncontrolled parathyroid hormone produced directly by a tumour of the parathyroid glands
what does primary hyperparathyroidism cause
hypercalcaemia
treatment for primary hyperparathyroidism
surgically remove the tumour
what is secondary hyperparathyroidism
where insufficient vit D or chronic renal failure leads to low absorption of calcium from intestines
what does secondary hyperparathyroidism cause
hypocalcaemia
how does the parathyroid gland react to the low levels of calcium
- excreting more parathyroid hormone
- number of cells in gland increase
- hyperplasia
- gland becomes more bulky
how is secondary hyperparathyroidism treated
by correcting the vit D deficiency or preforming a renal transplant to treat failure
what causes tertiary hyperparathyroidism
when secondary hyperparathyroidism continues for a long period of time
- the cause of secondary gets treated
- but because the gland is so big cause theres hyperplasia theres still loads of PTH
what does the high level of PTH in tertiary with no previous pathology cause to happen
leads to high absorption of calcium in the intestines, kidneys and bones causing hypercalcaemia
treatment for tertiary
surgically removing part of the parathyroid tissue
PTH and calcium levels in primary
high PTH
high calcium
