synthesis from A.A Flashcards
exam 4
tyrosine is turned into _____ via DOPA
dopamine
tyrosine is turned into DOPA by ________ and uses ____ as a cofactor
by tyrosine hydroxylase and uses THB as a cofactor
will cause loss of CO2 from DOPA and from Dopamine
aromatic amino acid decarboxylase
reaction from dopa to dopamine uses _____ as a cofactor
PLP
is used in pleasure system and motivation systems of the brain
dopamine
thyroid peroxidase iodinates tyrosine residues on
thyroglobulin
thyroid peroxidase causes conjugation of _____ to ____
diiodotyrosine to thyroxine
causes metabolic metabolic stimulation in cells
thyroxine
overstimulated thyroglobulin leading to excess thyroxine production
grave’s
synthesis of glycine, serine, cystein and methionine requires the addition of
1 carbon molecules
derived from dietary folate or vitamin folic acid
tetrahydrofolate
dihydrofolate is reduced via _______ to THF
dihydrofolate reductase
irreversible folate interconversion
N5 Methyl-THF
methionine can react with AtP and methionine adenosyl transferase to form
S-adenosyl methionine - SAM
SAM acts as a cosubstrate with a generic methyl transferase and donates its ______ to other substrates
methyl group
NE takes methyl to form
epinephrine
loss if methyl of SAM forms
S-adenosyl homocysteine
action of hydrolase cleaves S-adenosyl homocysteine to
homocysteine
homocysteine reacts with N5 methyl THF under action of _______ leading to ______________; cofactor used is
action of methionine synthase to leading to methionine; cofactor used is VB12
arginine can react with glycine to form ____________ and __________-
Guanidinoacetic acid and ornithine
guanidinoacetic acid reacts with SAM to form ________ and _________-
Creatine and S-adenosyl homoceysteine
reaction of ATP and creatinine will form
phosphocreatine
creatine is made in the _____ but travels to brain/muscles
creatine
is ATP reservoir in muscle; combines with ADP to form ATP
phosphocreatine
degradation of phosphocreatine forms
creatinine
creatinine is excreted in ______ since it is filtered it can act as a measurement for
excreted in liver and can be used to measure GFR
action of hydrolase cleaves S-adenosyl homocysteine to homocysteine and subsequent used to create ______ or _____
methionine or cysteine
homocysteine reacts with ____________ under action of methionine synthase to form methionine; uses ____as a cofactor
methionine synthase and uses VB12 as a cofactor
methionine can be regenerated from homcysteine via choline derivative called
betaine
homocysteine reacts with ________ under action of cystathione B-synthase and uses _____ as a cofactor
serine and uses PLP as a cofactor
cystahionine is cleaved by cystathionase to and uses _____ as a cofactor
cysteine and uses PLP as a cofactor
cysteine has a __________ feedback on cystathione B-synthase
negative
cysteine can be degraded to alpha-ketobutyrate which can then become
succinyl-CoA
cystein is derived from
serine and methionine
cystein can be used to form ____, a major constituent of bile
taurine
methionine synthase reaction combines N5 methyl THF with homocysteine and uses VB12 as a cofactor to regenerate methionine
folate trap
deficiency in cobalamine results in deficiency of
folate
homocysteine is made from _________ reaction to form SAM
methionine
homocysteine stays as homocysteine in the cells, in the urine it becomes
homocystine
defect in cystathionine can lead to high levels of homocysteine can lead to form
homocystine
treatment for high concentration to homocystine
VitB6 also give choline/betaine
choline/betaine
consumes homocysteine and form methionine
increased risk of arterial disease and patients are tall/thin and have vision problems
high levels of homocystine
