Amino Acid breakdown

Question 1

amino acids released from

Answer 1

proteins mostly muscle

Question 2

in response to energy needs, the ________ components needed to degrade muscle are ____________

Answer 2

in response to energy needs, the proteosome components needed to degrade muscle are upregulated

Question 3

phenylaline and tyrosine are used to make

Answer 3

fumarate

Question 4

a.a. can be used to make ________ containing compounds

Answer 4

nitrogen

Question 5

nitrogen of a.a. are removed as

Answer 5

NH3 and urea

Question 6

message to break a.a. is carried by

Answer 6

cytokines and catabolic hormones

Question 7

intracellular protein breakdown occurs in response to needs for

Answer 7

energy or glucose

Question 8

muscle wastes

Answer 8

cachexia

Question 9

blood glucose supports metabolism of

Answer 9

RBCs and CNS

Question 10

helps with free radical scavenging

Answer 10

blood glucose

Question 11

a.a. are used for ____________ in the liver and global metabolism for certain tissues

Answer 11

gluconeogenesis

Question 12

the liver metabolizes most of the a.a in digestion due to the

Answer 12

first-pass effect

Question 13

liver cannot metabolize branched-chain a.a. as it has low levels of

Answer 13

branched chain amino transferase

Question 14

liver passes branched a.a. to the

Answer 14

muscle who can use them

Question 15

branched chain a.a is used in muscle and turned into

Answer 15

alanine

Question 16

alanine travels to the

Answer 16

liver

Question 17

alanine turns into

Answer 17

pyruvate then glucose and the nitrogen component is metabolized to urea

Question 18

periportal hepatocytes use ____ and _____ to make urea

Answer 18

glutamine and NH4

Question 19

perivenous hepatocytes shave glutamine synthase that condenses NH4 and glutamate together to make

Answer 19

glutamine

Question 20

serves as food for small intestine and main carrier of nitrogen in the blood

Answer 20

glutamine

Question 21

_____ have glutaminase activity and splits glutamine to glutamate and NH4

Answer 21

kidneys

Question 22

NH4 comes from the

Answer 22

small intestine

Question 23

ketogenic a.a

Answer 23

leucine and lysine

Question 24

_____, _______ and ______ all enter gluconeogenesis via conversion to pyruvate

Answer 24

glycine, alanine and serine

Question 25

enzymes act on different a.a to produce ketoacids that will lead to glucose

Answer 25

dehydratase

Question 26

_____, ______, _____ and _____ can enter gluconeogenesis via alpha-KG

Answer 26

arginine, glutamate, glutamine and proline

Question 27

_____, _____, _____ and______ enter gluconeogenesis at succinyl coa

Answer 27

threonine, valine, isoleucine and methionine

Question 28

valine and isoleucine must undergo _____ because they are branched chain

Answer 28

aminotransferase

Question 29

branched chain a.a [3]

Answer 29

isoleucine, leucine and valine

Question 30

isoleucine and valine inter gluconeogenesis via

Answer 30

succinyl-CoA

Question 31

defect in BCAA can lead to

Answer 31

maple syrup urine disease

Question 32

oxidation of branched chain A.a. leads to formation of

Answer 32

NADH and FADH2

Question 33

branched a.a; split into propionyl-CoA and glucogenic

Answer 33

valine

Question 34

branched a.a; split into acetyl-CoA and propionyl-CoA and gluconeogenic

Answer 34

isoleucine

Question 35

forms HMG-CoA and then HMG-CoA lyase breaks it down to acetyl-coA and Acetoacetate

Answer 35

leucine- ketogenic

Question 36

conversion of propionyl-coA to succinyl-CoA requires

Answer 36

biotin and VB12

Question 37

propionyl-coA is carboxylated via propionyl-CoA carboxylase and the consumption of Biotin, ATP and HCO3 to

Answer 37

methylmalonyl-CoA

Question 38

methylmalonyl-CoA is then turned into succinyl-CoA via

Answer 38

methylmalonyl- CoA mutase and VB12

Question 39

appearance of methylmalonate in the urine and related to a genetic enzyme VB12

Answer 39

methylmalonyl CoA mutase

Question 40

cobalamine

Answer 40

Vit B12

Question 41

is necessary for VB12 absorption

Answer 41

intrinsic factor

Question 42

intrinsic factor binds to VB12 in the _________, but it is absorbed in the _______

Answer 42

binds to VB12 in the stomach but it is absorbed in the small intestine

Question 43

deficiency in VB12 leads to

Answer 43

lethargy, dementia and weight loss

Question 44

_____ and _____ enter gluconeogenesis at OAA

Answer 44

asparagine and aspartate

Question 45

asparagine is cleaved via asparaginase to form

Answer 45

aspartate

Question 46

aspartate udergoes action of aspartate aminotransferase with alpha-KG to form ____ and ______; it uses ____ as a cofactor

Answer 46

OAA and glutamate and uses VB6

Question 47

deficiency in phenylalanine hydroxylase or inability to recycle THB leads to

Answer 47

PKU

Question 48

phenylalanine is hydroxylated by phenylalanine hydroxylase and reacts with 02, NADH and uses ______ as a cofactor to form ______

Answer 48

and uses tetrahydrobiopterin as a cofactor to form tyrosine

Question 49

phenylalanie and tyrosine fate

Answer 49

glucogenic- fumarate | ketogenic- acetoacetate

Question 50

what do you need in PKU

Answer 50

tyrosine!!!!

Question 51

regenerates THB via NADH

Answer 51

dihydrobiopterin reductase

Question 52

In PKU, phenylalanince will undergo reaction to

Answer 52

alanine

Question 53

musty urine and brain damage with high levels; tx. is with protein trestriction

Answer 53

PKU

Question 54

sapropterin

Answer 54

Tetrahydrobiopterin

Question 55

build-up of phenylpyruvic acid;

Answer 55

PKU