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Biochem 4 > Amino Acid breakdown > Flashcards

Amino Acid breakdown Flashcards

exam 4

1
Q

amino acids released from

A

proteins mostly muscle

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2
Q

in response to energy needs, the ________ components needed to degrade muscle are ____________

A

in response to energy needs, the proteosome components needed to degrade muscle are upregulated

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3
Q

phenylaline and tyrosine are used to make

A

fumarate

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4
Q

a.a. can be used to make ________ containing compounds

A

nitrogen

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5
Q

nitrogen of a.a. are removed as

A

NH3 and urea

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6
Q

message to break a.a. is carried by

A

cytokines and catabolic hormones

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7
Q

intracellular protein breakdown occurs in response to needs for

A

energy or glucose

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8
Q

muscle wastes

A

cachexia

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9
Q

blood glucose supports metabolism of

A

RBCs and CNS

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10
Q

helps with free radical scavenging

A

blood glucose

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11
Q

a.a. are used for ____________ in the liver and global metabolism for certain tissues

A

gluconeogenesis

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12
Q

the liver metabolizes most of the a.a in digestion due to the

A

first-pass effect

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13
Q

liver cannot metabolize branched-chain a.a. as it has low levels of

A

branched chain amino transferase

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14
Q

liver passes branched a.a. to the

A

muscle who can use them

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15
Q

branched chain a.a is used in muscle and turned into

A

alanine

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16
Q

alanine travels to the

A

liver

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17
Q

alanine turns into

A

pyruvate then glucose and the nitrogen component is metabolized to urea

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18
Q

periportal hepatocytes use ____ and _____ to make urea

A

glutamine and NH4

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19
Q

perivenous hepatocytes shave glutamine synthase that condenses NH4 and glutamate together to make

A

glutamine

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20
Q

serves as food for small intestine and main carrier of nitrogen in the blood

A

glutamine

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21
Q

_____ have glutaminase activity and splits glutamine to glutamate and NH4

A

kidneys

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22
Q

NH4 comes from the

A

small intestine

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23
Q

ketogenic a.a

A

leucine and lysine

24
Q

_____, _______ and ______ all enter gluconeogenesis via conversion to pyruvate

A

glycine, alanine and serine

25
Q

enzymes act on different a.a to produce ketoacids that will lead to glucose

A

dehydratase

26
Q

_____, ______, _____ and _____ can enter gluconeogenesis via alpha-KG

A

arginine, glutamate, glutamine and proline

27
Q

_____, _____, _____ and______ enter gluconeogenesis at succinyl coa

A

threonine, valine, isoleucine and methionine

28
Q

valine and isoleucine must undergo _____ because they are branched chain

A

aminotransferase

29
Q

branched chain a.a [3]

A

isoleucine, leucine and valine

30
Q

isoleucine and valine inter gluconeogenesis via

A

succinyl-CoA

31
Q

defect in BCAA can lead to

A

maple syrup urine disease

32
Q

oxidation of branched chain A.a. leads to formation of

A

NADH and FADH2

33
Q

branched a.a;

split into propionyl-CoA and glucogenic

A

valine

34
Q

branched a.a;

split into acetyl-CoA and propionyl-CoA and gluconeogenic

A

isoleucine

35
Q

forms HMG-CoA and then HMG-CoA lyase breaks it down to acetyl-coA and Acetoacetate

A

leucine- ketogenic

36
Q

conversion of propionyl-coA to succinyl-CoA requires

A

biotin and VB12

37
Q

propionyl-coA is carboxylated via propionyl-CoA carboxylase and the consumption of Biotin, ATP and HCO3 to

A

methylmalonyl-CoA

38
Q

methylmalonyl-CoA is then turned into succinyl-CoA via

A

methylmalonyl- CoA mutase and VB12

39
Q

appearance of methylmalonate in the urine and related to a genetic enzyme VB12

A

methylmalonyl CoA mutase

40
Q

cobalamine

A

Vit B12

41
Q

is necessary for VB12 absorption

A

intrinsic factor

42
Q

intrinsic factor binds to VB12 in the _________, but it is absorbed in the _______

A

binds to VB12 in the stomach but it is absorbed in the small intestine

43
Q

deficiency in VB12 leads to

A

lethargy, dementia and weight loss

44
Q

_____ and _____ enter gluconeogenesis at OAA

A

asparagine and aspartate

45
Q

asparagine is cleaved via asparaginase to form

A

aspartate

46
Q

aspartate udergoes action of aspartate aminotransferase with alpha-KG to form ____ and ______; it uses ____ as a cofactor

A

OAA and glutamate and uses VB6

47
Q

deficiency in phenylalanine hydroxylase or inability to recycle THB leads to

A

PKU

48
Q

phenylalanine is hydroxylated by phenylalanine hydroxylase and reacts with 02, NADH and uses ______ as a cofactor to form ______

A

and uses tetrahydrobiopterin as a cofactor to form tyrosine

49
Q

phenylalanie and tyrosine fate

A

glucogenic- fumarate

ketogenic- acetoacetate

50
Q

what do you need in PKU

A

tyrosine!!!!

51
Q

regenerates THB via NADH

A

dihydrobiopterin reductase

52
Q

In PKU, phenylalanince will undergo reaction to

A

alanine

53
Q

musty urine and brain damage with high levels; tx. is with protein trestriction

A

PKU

54
Q

sapropterin

A

Tetrahydrobiopterin

55
Q

build-up of phenylpyruvic acid;

A

PKU

Biochem 4 (8 decks)

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