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Biochem 4 > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

exam 4

1
Q

Regardless of the type of fuel; whether carbohydrates, fats, or protein, they all come into the body and have three destinations

A 
STORAGE:
Limited amount of glycogen, more amount of protein, and limitless fat
GOODIES:
Cholesterol biosynthesis, FASN, etc.
ENERGY:
Consumed in oxidation
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2
Q

All type of fuel leave the body as

A

They all leave the body as CO2, UREA, H2O

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3
Q

Liver:

Donates ________ and __________(starvation) to the brain

A

GLUCOSE and KETONE BODIES

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4
Q

Liver:

Donates______ and ______ to the heart

A

FAs and KETONE BODIES

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5
Q

A HEALTHY HEART USES

A

FAT, NOT GLUCOSE

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6
Q

Liver:

Donates ______, _______ and_______ to skeletal muscle
RECYCLES _______ from muscle via Cori Cycle
RECYCLES _______ from muscle via Cahill Cycle

A

GLUCOSE + KETONE BODIES + FAs

RECYCLES Lactate from muscle via Cori Cycle
RECYCLES Alanine from muscle via Cahill Cycle

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7
Q

Liver:

Donates _______ to RBC
RECYCLES _______from RBC via Cori Cycle

A

Donates GLUCOSE

RECYCLES Lactate

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8
Q

RBCs are

A

glucose dependent

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9
Q

Cancer cells rely on

A

GLYCOLYSIS

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10
Q

CARBS ←→ FAT

________can be used to make NADPH, NADPH is NEEDED for fat synthesis

________ can be converted to GLYCEROL

______ can be split into Acetyl-CoA

A

GLUCOSE-6-P can be used to make NADPH

DHAP (glycolytic intermediate) can be converted to GLYCEROL

Pyruvate can be split into Acetyl-CoA

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11
Q

Acetyl-CoA can become {3}

A
  1. FAs
  2. Ketone Bodies
  3. Cholesterol synthesis
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12
Q

CARBS ←→ PROTEIN
_______ can turn into SERINE
REMEMBER, you can turn SERINE into GLYCINE/CYSTEINE via HOMOCYSTEINE

Pyruvate can turn into ______ (Glycine, Alanine, and Serine)
Glucose is used in the TCA cycle and those TCA cycle intermediates can enter PROTEIN

A

3-Phosphoglycerate (glycolytic intermediate) can turn into SERINE

Pyruvate can turn into PROTEIN

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13
Q

Glucose is used in the TCA cycle and those TCA cycle intermediates can enter

A

PROTEIN

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14
Q

FAT ←→ PROTEIN

Glycerol can be converted to _______which can then be used to make SERINE

Acetyl-CoA (from fat oxidation) can be turned into_____

A

GLycerol converted to DHAP

Acetyl-CoA turned into A.As

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15
Q

Separate by tissue type or even WITHIN a cell

A

Compartmental Separation

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16
Q

Regulatory proteins in pathways are the ones that ______________ the most

A

TURNOVER

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17
Q

Coordination of carbohydrate and fat metabolism occurs via _____________

A

allosteric control

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18
Q

During FASN, Acetyl-CoA (of mitochondria) must be transported to cytoplasm via

A

CITRATE SHUTTLE

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19
Q

While acetyl-CoA needs the shuttle, Citrate will just diffuse across cytoplasm; in the cytoplasm some of it will INHIBIT ____________

A

PFKI of glycolysis

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20
Q

During FASN, Malonyl-CoA is created from

A

Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase

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21
Q

Malonyl-CoA is used in FASN, but some if it will bind and INHIBIT ___________

A

the CPT-1 transporter,

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22
Q

the Carnitine Transporter that moves FAs_______matrix for oxidation and Carnitine _________ to the cytoplasm to bind FA

A

the Carnitine Transporter that moves FAs INTO matrix for oxidation
and
Carnitine OUT to the cytoplasm to bind FA

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23
Q

Binding of Malonyl-CoA will inhibit the transporter and thus

A

stop β-Oxidation

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24
Q

NET EFFECT IS THAT FASN will inhibit __________ and __________

A

GLYCOLYSIS and β-Oxidation

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25
Q

G-6-P will immediately bind and inhibit

A

Hexokinase

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26
Q

Acetyl-CoA will bind to ___________and stop production of more Acetyl-CoA

A

PDH

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27
Q

Glucagon will cause the formation of ______ which activates PKA; PKA will phosphorylate __________ and HSL

A

Glucagon will cause the formation of cAMP which activates PKA;
PKA will phosphorylate PFKII and HSL

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28
Q

p-PFKII will act as a PHOSPHATASE to cleave F-2,6-BP and __________

A

turn off glycolysis

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29
Q

F-2,6-BP is the strongest promoter of

A

PFKI

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30
Q

covalent modification:

Thus, in the starved state removing F-2,6-BP will inactivate glycolysis and will allow ___________to run

A

GLUCONEOGENESIS

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31
Q

HSL will break down TAGs

A

TAGs into FAs and Glycerol

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32
Q

Regulation of Amount of Enzyme:

Upregulation of UREA, A.A Catabolism, and Gluconeogenic enzyme

A

HIGH PROTEIN

33
Q

Regulation of Amount of Enzyme:

Upregulation of glucose uptake, increase in PPS proteins, and increase in FASN proteins

34
Q

Regulation of Amount of Enzyme:

Inhibition of PPS (don’t need NADPH if you have fat) and upregulation of gluconeogenic enzymes

35
Q

Within cells:

β-Oxidation occurs in _____________ and FASN occurs in ________

A

β-Oxidation occurs in mitochondria
and
FASN occurs in cytoplasm

36
Q

Promotes fuel storage

Promotes growth

37
Q

Mobilizes fuel

Helps mobilize glucose

38
Q

Mobilizes fuel during ACUTE STRESS

A

Epinephrine

39
Q

Provides fuel over long-term case

40
Q

Glycogenesis in muscle and liver
FASN
A.A uptake and protein synthesis

41
Q

Stimulates gluconeogenesis
Releases FAs from adipose
Stimulates A.A. mobilization

42
Q

Activates glycogenolysis to release glucose

Releases FAs from adipose tissues

A

Epinephrine

43
Q

Activates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

Releases FAs from adipose tissues

44
Q

inhibits cAMP Phosphodiesterase

45
Q

Heterotrimeric G-Protein Receptors or G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCR) will span across the membrane 7 times
Transmembrane areas are hydrophobic
Intracellular domain has G-Protein machinery; extracellular domain is different and provides specificity
Summary
1.Receptor will be activated
2. G-Protein will activate
3. G-Protein will activate _________ and form cAMP
4. cAMP will activate PKA
5. cAMP Phosphodiesterase will degrade cAMP to________

A

Summary

  1. Receptor will be activated
  2. G-Protein will activate
  3. G-Protein will activate Adenylate Cyclase and form cAMP
  4. cAMP will activate PKA
  5. cAMP Phosphodiesterase will degrade cAMP to 5’-AMP
46
Q

In the ________ form, GDP is bound to the G𝜶; while Gβ and GƔ bind to G𝜶 and keep it

A

INACTIVE for both parts

47
Q

Ligand binds to GPCR; receptor has GEF that swaps out GDP for GTP on G𝜶 and now G𝜶 becomes

48
Q

Cholera Toxin will ADP-Ribsoylate G𝜶s and thus it will be kept permanently in the

A

ACTIVE STATE

49
Q

G𝜶 has natural GATPase activity to hydrolyze GTP TO GDP and inactivate it, its activity is helped by __________which will hydrolyze GTP to GDP.

A

GTPase Activating Proteins

50
Q

G𝜶i will______ adenylate cyclase and thus ________ cAMP

A

inhibit and reduce

51
Q

Pertussis Toxin exploits G𝜶i by ADP-Ribosylating it and thus permanently __________; leads to continuous adenylate cyclase activity and thus buildup of cAMP

A

INACTIVATING IT

52
Q

Remember, in general INSULIN will _____________enzymes and GLUCAGON will cause _______________

A

Remember, in general INSULIN will DEPHOSPHORYLATE enzymes
and
GLUCAGON will cause PHOSPHORYLATION

53
Q

Glucagon results in the formation of cAMP, cAMP accumulates and activates PKA; PKA will cause the regulation of many metabolic enzymes:
_________GLYCOLYSIS (PFKII)
___________GLYCOGENESIS
_________GLUCONEOGENESIS
___________ LIPOLYSIS (HSL)
__________ GLYCOGENOLYSIS (Glycogen Phosphorylase)

A 
DECREASES GLYCOLYSIS (PFKII)
DECREASES GLYCOGENESIS
INCREASES GLUCONEOGENESIS
INCREASES LIPOLYSIS (HSL)
INCREASES GLYCOGENOLYSIS (Glycogen Phosphorylase)
54
Q

Remember steroid hormones (cortisol) bind to receptors IN the

55
Q

steroid hormones once bound to ligand

A

will be moved to the nucleus and affect transcription

56
Q

A fetal heart is DEPENDENT

A

on GLYCOLYSIS

57
Q

A healthy adult heart can use ALL FORMS of ENERGY, but primarily uses

58
Q

A failing heart shows _______ use of GLYCOLYSIS and thus _____ ATP formation

A

increased use of glycolysis and less ATP formation

59
Q

ter birth, the conditions of the neonate change and for a brief period of time _____________ is the primary source of ENERGY

A

LACTATE OXIDATION

60
Q

After some time, the heart of the child changes and takes on _________ as the primary ENERGY form

A

β-Oxidation

61
Q

The switch from GLYCOLYSIS to β-Oxidation occurs due to changes in___________

A

transcriptional regulators

62
Q

Fetal Heart, Pathology, Hypertrophy, Hypoxia, Ischemia ALL cause a _________ in transcription factors PGC-1𝜶, PPAR𝜶, and ERR𝜶

63
Q

Adult Heart, Exercise, Fasting, and Diabetes will promote an ___________ in transcription factors transcription factors PGC-1𝜶, PPAR𝜶, and ERR𝜶

64
Q

The changes in transcription allow for the creation of Malonyl-CoA Decarboxylase (MCD) which turns Malonyl-CoA to Acetyl-CoA; thus STOPPING _____

A

INHIBITIION β-Oxidation

65
Q

In a diseased heart, ATP comes from Glycolysis and thus results in LESS ATP:

LESS ATP means MORE is used in maintaining ion homeostasis and LESS is used in generating force →

A

REDUCED CARDIAC EFFICIENCY

66
Q

Overall nutritional deficiency associated with WASTING OF MUSCLE and SUBCUTANEOUS FAT; seen in children

67
Q

Protein deficiency characterized by edema in extremities, dermatitis, and bloating
Calories are sufficient, but PROTEIN IS INSUFFICIENT

A

Kwashiorkor

68
Q

Complex hypercatabolic state associated with illness and characterized by muscle loss either WITH or WITHOUT the loss of fat
Cytokine related
Leads to loss of weight in adults and DEVELOPMENTAL FAILURE in children

69
Q

Exogenous phase

A

all glucose is derived from diet

70
Q

During hours of 4-16hr, glucose mostly from

A

glycogen breakdown
liver uses FA and sends out glucose
protein used for gluconeogenesis

71
Q

During hours 16hr to 28hr, we start using ________ from protein as the main glucose source

A

gluconeogenesis

72
Q

During hours 28hr to 30 days, ____ drops to conserve it and brains starts to use mostly

A

Protein usage and brains start to use ketone bodies

73
Q

After 30 days, ________ remains low and brains just uses

A

GLuconegenesis is low and brains just uses Ketone bodies

74
Q

LIVER is the common area of gluconeogenesis; only small amounts can be made by the kidneys
AS STARVATION CONTINUES, the AMOUNT of glucose made by

A

kidneys WIILL INCREASE

75
Q

Early starvation:

The ______ is releasing FAs to send to tissues such as the HEART, LIVER (glycerol for gluconeogenesis), KIDNEY, and MUSCLES

76
Q

Early Starvation:

The __________ are releasing A.As to the liver

77
Q

Metabolites during fast:

  1. ________KB
  2. Nitrogen _______
  3. ______Ammonia
A

Metabolites during fast:

  1. increase KB
  2. Nitrogen rises, then falls
  3. increases Ammonia to conserve cations and prevent ketoacidosis
78
Q

The sudden uptake of minerals while already in a DEPLETED STATE results in a _________ of serum electrolytes, minerals, causes hypophosphatemia, and will manifest with fluid retention

Biochem 4 (8 decks)

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