diabetes

Question 1

little to no insulin production

Answer 1

diabetes

Question 2

hallmark of diabetes

Answer 2

hyperglycemia

Question 3

treat type II diabetes and it is an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor

Answer 3

acarbose

Question 4

acarbose works by

Answer 4

slowing down the enzyme that converts carbohydrates to sugar; thus results in smaller blood glucose rise

Question 5

SGLT2 Inhibitor

Answer 5

Jardiance

Question 6

Jardiance works by

Answer 6

stoping glucose absorption from nephron back to blood

Question 7

Initial protein structure of insulin, _______ is made in ER lumen

Answer 7

pre-proinsulin

Question 8

is excised and proinsulin is transported to Golgi

Answer 8

Signal peptide

Question 9

C-peptide can be used to

Answer 9

assess whether β cells are producing insulin; if it is present in blood then that means insulin is also being secreted

Question 10

In Golgi, proinsulin is converted to insulin by removal of ___________ and enters secretory granules

Answer 10

C-peptide

Question 11

Glucokinase is present in the

Answer 11

liver and pancreas

Question 12

ATP will bind and activate a _____ that results in depolarization → Ca2+ release → Insulin vesicle release

Answer 12

K+ Channel

Question 13

Sulfonylureas and Meglitinides can control diabetes by

Answer 13

interacting at the ATP K+ Channel

Question 14

__________are peptide hormones that work to INCREASE INSULIN SECRETION (augment its effect) → REDUCES GLUCOSE

Answer 14

Incretins

Question 15

Incretins are made by endocrine cells of the small intestine

Answer 15

L-Cells create GLP-1

K-Cells create GIP

Question 16

incretins act on ____ and why?

Answer 16

pancrease to drive insulin secretio

Question 17

GLP-1 will bind to GLP-1R (GPCR) and activate

Answer 17

adenylate cyclase

Question 18

cAMP activates PKA which acts on

Answer 18

K+ channel, allowing membrane depolarization, Ca2+ influx and insulin secretion

Question 19

is a stable GLP-1/GIP analogue that will help augment insulin secretion and treat Type II Diabetes

Answer 19

Exenatide

Question 20

is a Dipeptidyl Protease IV inhibitor, it binds and stops the enzyme that breaks down GLP-1/GIP

Answer 20

Sitagliptin (Januvia)

Question 21

leads to ketoacidosis

Answer 21

Type I

Question 22

HONC- hyperoamolar non-ketotic coma/HHS- hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome

Answer 22

Type II

Question 23

• Autoimmune reaction of -ABs to pancreatic β-cells
• Normal response to insulin, BUT NO insulin production
• Severe hyperglycemia
• Genetic susceptibility

Answer 23

Type I

Question 24

• Commonly seen with obesity
• Preserved β-cells
• Little to high insulin production; but usually REDUCED insulin response
• Genetic susceptibility

Answer 24

Type II

Question 25

can occur in some pregnancies; can cause effects in mother and child

Answer 25

Gestational Pregnancy

Question 26

Insulin reduces blood glucose in 3 ways:

Answer 26

1. Causes translocation of GLUT4 receptors on muscle, fat, and white blood cells 2. Suppresses glycogenolysis 3. Suppresses gluconeogenesis

Question 27

is a drug that interacts with COMPLEX I of ETC and cause the increased formation of AMP

Answer 27

metformin

Question 28

AMP will bind to glucagon-receptor and

Answer 28

INHIBIT IT to prevent GLUCONEOGENIC PATHWAYS

Question 29

Glucose reacts with metals to generate

Answer 29

reactive oxygen species

Question 30

. The polyol pathway generates Sorbitol; the pathway will lead to an accumulate of Sorbitol which causes an

Answer 30

OSMOTIC EFFECT

Question 31

Glycation generates protein adducts (HbA1c) leading to advanced ___________ (AGE) that are themselves reactive.

Answer 31

glycation endproducts

Question 32

Can measure average blood glucose level with

Answer 32

HbA1c level

Question 33

Polyol pathway consumes

Answer 33

NADPH

Question 34

Insulin signaling involves

Answer 34

PROTEIN KINASE and LIPID SIGNALING

Question 35

Insulin will bind to its receptor, which is a ____________; when insulin receptor is active it will phosphorylate ITSELF and ADAPTOR PROTEINS

Answer 35

tyrosine kinase

Question 36

Ras will affect transcription factor kinases that will then cause changes in

Answer 36

transcription factors to drive gene transcription

Question 37

p-IRS-1 will activate __________in protein kinase

Answer 37

Ras (GDP → GTP active)

Question 38

Insulin-receptor will phosphorylate _________

Answer 38

IRS-1 (adaptor protein)

Question 39

p-IRS-1 will activate __________in lipid signaling

Answer 39

will activate PI3 Kinase to cause formation of PIP3

Question 40

PIP3 will cause activation of kinases such as______ and _____

Answer 40

PDK1 and AKT

Question 41

Lipid signaling is responsible for

Answer 41

relocalization of GLUT4 transporter onto membrane of fat and muscle cells, which increases glucose uptake

Question 42

Insulin resistance will cause what alterations in adipokines

Answer 42

adiponectin ↓ and resistin ↑

Question 43

Adiponectin increases

Answer 43

insulin sensitivity

Question 44

resistin increases

Answer 44

insulin resistance

Question 45

Excess glucose is lost in urine, meaning there is

Answer 45

dehydration

Question 46

No transport of glucose means glucose stays in blood; also continuous glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

Answer 46

hyperglycemia

Question 47

A characteristic feature of diabetes is the LIPID TRIAD:

Answer 47

HIGH FAs, HIGH LDL, and LOW HDL

Question 48

Normally, insulin will suppress ___________ and activates _______

Answer 48

suppress Hormone Sensitive Lipase and activates Lipoprotein Lipase

Question 49

transfers lipids to adipose for storage

Answer 49

Lipoprotein Lipase

Question 50

releases FAs from adipose in starvation

Answer 50

Hormone Sensitive Lipase

Question 51

NO INSULIN means continuous release of fats from adipose due to ______ fats travel to the liver and are turned into ______

Answer 51

NO INSULIN means continuous release of fats from adipose due to HSL, fats travel to the liver and are turned into VLDL

Question 52

HDL levels will decrease due to loss of

Answer 52

Apo-A1

Question 53

Lungs and kidney respond to ACIDOSIS with

Answer 53

Kussmaul Breathing

Question 54

Large amounts of FAs causes buildup of Acetyl-CoA in liver and thus __________ formation begins in the liver

Answer 54

ketone body