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Physiology Exam I > Synaptic Transmission > Flashcards

Synaptic Transmission Flashcards

1
Q

Electrical Synapse

A

consists of one or more gap junction channels permeable to ions and small molecules

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2
Q

Properties of electrical synapses

A

bidirectional
fast
low selectivity

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3
Q

Examples of an electrical synapse

A

astrocytes, epithelial supporting cells

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4
Q

Connexon

A

formed by 6 connexins

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5
Q

What does Electrical synapse allow passage3 of

A

small water soluble molecules/ions

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6
Q

Neuromuscular synapse

A

between a motor neuron and muscle fiber

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7
Q

2 types of chemical synapses

A

CNS and Neuromuscular

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8
Q

Active zone of a CNS synapse

A

specialized for vesicular release of neurotransmitters

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9
Q

synapse

A

where neuron-neuron interaction takes place

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10
Q

one way conduction

A

the signal goes best one way

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11
Q

Presynaptic terminal

A

docking complex located herer

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12
Q

docking complex

A

holds vesicles before they are ready to be realized

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13
Q

synaptic delay

A

Time interval between when action potential invades the pre-synaptic terminal and when a membrane potential change begins in the post-synaptic cell.

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14
Q

What type of receptors (ionotropic vs metabotropic) is associated with long synaptic delay times?

A

metabotropic

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15
Q

Is the synaptic delay shorter at chemical synapses or electrical synapses?

A

chemical

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16
Q

ionotropic

A

ligand gated ion channel

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17
Q

metabotropic

A

6 protein coupled receptor

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18
Q

What are the 3 ways to remove neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft

A
  • Diffusion
  • Enzymatic degradation
  • Transmitter re-uptake either into presynaptic terminal or into adjacent astroglia
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19
Q

acetylcholinesterase

A

hydrolyzes acetylcholine and can stop the end-plate potential

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20
Q

Spacial summation

A

Occurs when two or more separate postsynaptic potentials reach the initial segment simultaneously

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21
Q

Temporal summation

A

Occurs when a single presynaptic terminal has two or more action potentials in rapid succession. The first postsynaptic potential has not died away when the next occurs. This temporal overlap enables the potentials to sum.

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22
Q

nicotinic Ach

A

fast, ionotropic receptor

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23
Q

muscarinic Ach receptor

A

slower, metabotropic receptor , binds to G protein

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24
Q

Which receptors are the biogenic amines

A

Catecholamines
Seretonin
Histamine

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25
Q

What are the catecholamines

A

Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine

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26
Q

Dopamine

A

metabotropic

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27
Q

Norepinephrine

A

binds to adrenergic/noradrendergic receptors

has a greater affinity for alpha adrenergic receptors

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28
Q

Epinephrine

A

binds to adrenergic/noradrenegric receptors

has greater affinity for beta adrenergic receptors

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29
Q

Serotonin

A

binds to several different types of 5-HT receptors

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30
Q

Histamine

A

metabotropic

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31
Q

GABA

A

major CNS inhibitory transmitter

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32
Q

GABA a

A

directly gated channel for Cl-

benzos and barbiturates can bind here

33
Q

GABA b

A

metabotropic receptor, has an inhibitory effect by opening K+ channels or suppression of Ca++

34
Q

Glycine

A

inhibitory

opens directly gates Cl- channel

35
Q

What can the glycine receptor be blocked by?

A

strychnine

36
Q

Tetanus toxin

A

interferes with the release of glycine from inhibitory interneurons in the spinal cord

37
Q

Glutamate

A

excitatory

38
Q

Aspartate

A

excitatory

39
Q

Excitotoxicity

A

neurons can be overexcited and destroyed by an unusually high accumulation of glutamate and related compounds. There is evidence that excitotoxicity is an important cause of neuronal damage after oxygen deprivation.

40
Q

Adenosine

A

a neuromodulator which is not stored in vesicles

41
Q

Adenosine acts as a general CNS _______

A

depressant

42
Q

Neuroactive peptides may act as what?

A

may act as hormones or neurotransmitters or neuromodulators

43
Q

NO

A

diffuses out of cell it’s produced in and affects nearby cells
can’t be contained in a vesicle
short lived actions

44
Q

endocannabinoids produced by what

A

enzymatic degradation of membrane lipids.

45
Q

What are the endocannabinoid receptors?

A

CB1 CB2

46
Q

What does THC bind to?

A

CB1 and CB2

47
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

an autoimmune disease which reduces the number of acetylcholine receptors at the postsynaptic neuromuscular junction.

48
Q

Symptoms of Myasthenia gravis

A

muscle weakness or even paralysis

49
Q

Clostridial toxins (botulism)

A

interfere with release of presynaptic plasma membrane proteins

50
Q

Eaton-Lambert syndrome

A

pre-synaptic

caused by autoimmune attack on voltage – gated Ca++ channels in the terminals of somatic motor nerves.

51
Q

SNARE compelx

A

several specific transmembrane proteins located at vesicles and presynaptic plasma membrane form a helix complex for vesicle docking and fusion

52
Q

what happens during recovery

A

Ca++ channels close
Ca++ gets sequestered in ER and removed
vesicles endocytosed

53
Q

ionotropic receptor characterics

A

rapid changes in membrane poential

54
Q

metabotropic receptor characertics

A

slow change in membrane potential

55
Q

what is the most abundant synpase in the nervous system

A

glutamaterigc synpase using gluatmate as transmitter

56
Q

what are glutamate gated ion channels permeable to

A

Na+ and K+

57
Q

what is the primary inhibtory neurotransmitter

A

GABA

58
Q

FOr Cl-, what is stronger? the chemical force or electrical force

A

chemical

59
Q

how do metabotropic receptors cause excitatory effects

A

decreasing conduction through chloride or potassium channels

60
Q

how do metabotropic receptors cause inhibitory effects

A

increasing conduction through chloride or potassium channels

61
Q

how do TCAs work

A

block uptake of 5-HT

62
Q

active zone

A

part of pre-synpatic membrane taht is specialized for vesicular release of neurotransmitter

63
Q

how many active zones are at NMJ

A

multiple

64
Q

how many active zones are at CNS synpases

A

1

65
Q

features of neumuscle transmittion

A

only one motor neuron innervates skeletal muscle fiber
only excitory
only one type of neurotransmitter and receptor
strong synpoatic transmission

66
Q

what is the one type of neurotransmitter in NMJ

A

acetylcholine

67
Q

what is the one type of receptor at NMJ

A

nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

68
Q

how do tetanus and botulinum toxins work

A

cleave SNARE proteins

69
Q

what does botulinum specifically do

A

attacks motor neuron

causes NMJ paralysis and muscle weakness

70
Q

what does tetanus specifically do

A

attack inerneuron

causes disinhibition, hyperexcitation, and tetanic contraction

71
Q

who does Eaton Lamberty syndrome happen in

A

patietns with small cell carcinoma of lung

72
Q

symptom of eaton lambert syndrome

A

muscle weakness

73
Q

neostigmine

A

reversible AchE inhibitor

74
Q

alpha-bungarotoxin

A

irreversibiliyt blocks nAchR

75
Q

tubocurarine

A

blocks acetylcholine receptors

76
Q

edrophonium

A

short acting inhibitory of cholinesterase. used to treat myasthenia gravis

77
Q

pesticides/sarin do waht

A

bind irreversibly to cholinesterase. poison

78
Q

characteristics of a neurotransmitter

A

packed into vesciles
Ca++ dependent release
bind to specific receptor

79
Q

when can NMDA receptor open

A

only during depolarization of postsynaptic neuron

Physiology Exam I (11 decks)

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