Synaptic release and autonomic

Question 1

What three types of cells would an axon terminate at or synapse with?

Answer 1

neurons, muscle cells, and gland cells

Question 2

What are neurotransmitters? Where are they produced, stored, etc.?

Answer 2

A chemical substance that is released at the end of a nerve fiber. occurs naturally in the presynaptic terminal and are produced in the presynatpitc neuron. starred in the axon terminal called the synaptic vesicles. bind to receptors and alter the physiology of the cell

Question 3

How are neurotransmitters released into the synapse? How do they cross the synapse?

Answer 3

through an action potential and binding to receptors.

Question 4

What do neurotransmitters bind to on their effector cell?

Answer 4

bind to receptor proteins

Question 5

What are ways that a neurotransmitter could be blocked?

Answer 5

diffusion of neurotransmitters into the ECF.
Repute of neurotransmitters by endocytosis
Degradation in the synaptic cleft

Question 6

What neurotransmitter is involved in muscular contraction?

Answer 6

Acetylcholine

Question 7

How does facilitation alter neural pathways?

Answer 7

makes it easier to cause an AP on the postsynaptic cell

Question 8

What are the different groups of neurotransmitters? What are some examples of each?

Answer 8

Acetylcholine (moving the right arm)
Amino Acid (glutamate)
Monoamines (norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine) Neuropeptides (longer lasting effects)

Question 9

How does a signal from a neurotransmitter stop?

Answer 9

binds to it’s receptor for 1 ms then dissociates itself

Question 10

what determines the effect that a neurotransmitter will have on a post-synaptic cell?

Answer 10

which receptors are present

Question 11

what are convergence and divergence?

Answer 11

Divergence allows one neuron to communicate with many other neurons in a network. Convergence allows a neuron to receive input from many neurons in a network.

Question 12

what is another name for the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 12

visceral motor system

Question 13

what are the most important functions of the ANS?

Answer 13

to regulate bodily functions such as the heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, pupillary response, urination, and sexual arousal.

Question 14

what are 3-4 organs the ANS innervates?

Answer 14

lungs, pupils, heart, GI tract

Question 15

What are the differences between an efferent tract in the visceral motor and somatic motor systems?

Answer 15

Visceral efferent neurons are motor neurons that conduct impulses to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, & glands. These neurons make up the Autonomic Nervous System. Somatic motor systems carry impulses from the brain to contract and reflex (skin and muscles)

Question 16

If you applied acetylcholine directly to an organ, would you expect a sympathetic or parasympathetic response?

Answer 16

parasympathetic

Question 17

Stimulation of a nicotinic receptor will open what type of channels?

Answer 17

enable K, Na, and Ca channels to open across the cell membrane. It will cause a depolarization and stimulate an action potential.

Question 18

What are some of the responses that would be expected from a large parasympathetic stimulation?

Answer 18

increase in digestion and slower heart rate, relaxed muscles and constricted pupils, thin saliva, decreased airflow

Question 19

What are some of the responses that would be expected from a large sympathetic stimulation?

Answer 19

increased heart rate, thick secretions, increased airflow, lower digestion, vasoconstriction, decreased blood flow

Question 20

what is the effector organ for the somatic system?

Answer 20

skeletal muscle

Question 21

what are the effector organs for the autonomic system?

Answer 21

cardiac muscle ( the heart ) , smooth ( visceral ) muscles , and glands