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Physiology > respiratory and urinary review > Flashcards

respiratory and urinary review Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the location of the chemoreceptors most sensitive to changes in pH?

A

medulla, carotid bodies, and aortic bodies

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2
Q

Are peripheral chemoreceptors more sensitive to changes in oxygen or carbon dioxide?

A

O2

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3
Q

What force drives the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide?

A

air weighs which creates a pressure gradient between the alveolar air and the capillary

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4
Q

Explain what the phrase ‘air weighs’ means, and why it is important for respiration.

A

atmospheric air has weight

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5
Q

What is the barometric pressure of dry atmospheric air at sea level?

A

760mmHg

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6
Q

Explain why it is difficult for humans to climb to high elevations?

A

because the pressure is lower and the pressure gradient is lower.

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7
Q

What is Fick’s law, and how does it pertain to gas diffusion?

A

the rate of transfer of a gas (VGas) through a sheet of tissue is proportional to the tissue area (A) and the difference in partial pressure between the two sides (p1-p2) and inversely proportional to the tissue thickness (T)
Vgas= A/T x D (P1-P2)

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8
Q

What would happen to diffusion of oxygen if the alveolar wall thickened?

A

It would reduce the rate of diffusion

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9
Q

What happens to diffusion of oxygen if the partial pressure is dropping in the atmospheric air?

A

the rate of diffusion would decrease

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10
Q

What are the two methods that oxygen is carried in the blood?

A

dissolved oxygen follows Henry’s law such that the amount dissolved is proportional to its partial pressure
the second method is through the blood bound to hemoglobins on RBC

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11
Q

How many oxygen molecules can bind to one hemoglobin molecule?

A

4

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12
Q

What happens when 1 oxygen molecule binds to hemoglobin?

A

it alters the structure of hemoglobin to make it easier for other oxygen molecules to bind

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13
Q

What is SaO2?

A

oxygen saturation

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14
Q

What is O2 capacity? Can SaO2 be near maximum but still have inadequate oxygen delivery? Explain.

A

97.5%. Yes because there is no guarantee that the blood is well-oxygenated.

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15
Q

What is a normal blood concentration for Hb?

A

75%

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16
Q

What is a normal O2 capacity?

A

95-100%

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17
Q

How does the Q for the pulmonary circulation compare to the systemic circulation?

A

the volume of blood passing through the lungs per minute
systemic is the whole body so Q is much larger

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18
Q

What is VO2? What variables do we use to measure it?

A

oxygen consumption,Qx arterial O2 - Venous oxygen

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19
Q

What methods can gases be transported through the blood?

A

dissolved, as bicarbonate and, combined with proteins as a carbonic compound

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20
Q

How much oxygen can be dissolved in the blood?

A

20.1mL

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21
Q

Does the amount of oxygen dissolved in the blood meet the metabolic demands of the body?

A

through oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. this generates ATP. Without ATP there is a loss of resting membrane potential and loss to maintain cardiac functions

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22
Q

What are the functions of the urinary system?

A

to eliminate metabolic wastes and homeostatic ally regulate the water and electrolytes composition of the body fluids

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23
Q

What is urea? What are some situations where you might have an excess of urea in the blood?

A

a byproduct of amino acid catabolism. Kidney disfunction

24
Q

What systems of the body are involved in waste removal?

A

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urthra

25
Q

How much of resting cardiac output supplies the kidney?

A

20-25%

26
Q

Why do we have such high blood flow to one organ?

A

because the kidneys filter the blood

27
Q

What are the differences between the glomerular capillaries and other systemic capillaries?

A

It is highly regulated

28
Q

What is oncotic pressure? What is its effect on glomerular filtration?

A

pulling pressure. It increases it

29
Q

What does GFR mean?

A

glomerular filtration rate

30
Q

What is a normal GFR?

A

125mL/min

31
Q

How much of GFR is reabsorbed?

A

99%

32
Q

What is autoregulation?

A

the ability of the nephrons to adjust their own blood and FFR without external control

33
Q

What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation of filtration?

A

constriction of the afferent arteriole would decrease GFR and urine production

34
Q

Where is renin produced? What is its action?

A

the kidney causes vasoconstriction and water conservation, including decreasing filtration stimulating aldosterone secretion, and increasing water and electrolyte reabsorption.

35
Q

Where is angiotensin converting enzyme produced?

A

the liver

36
Q

What are the effects of angiotensin II on blood pressure and blood volume?

A

blocks high blood pressure

37
Q

Which section of the nephron is the primary site of reabsorption?

A

proximal convolution tubule

38
Q

What would be the effect of inadequate ATP on removal of sodium from the filtrate?

A

there would be no energy for reabsorption

39
Q

What provides the energy for most reabsorption?

A

active transport

40
Q

What % of filtrate is reabsorbed in the PCT?

A

85%

41
Q

What is absorbed in the descending loop of Henle?

A

water and sodium chloride

42
Q

What is absorbed in the ascending loop of Henle?

A

sodium chloride

43
Q

How does the osmolarity of the filtrate compare between the PCT and the loop of Henle?

A

the loop of henle increasing the filtrate

44
Q

What substances are secreted into the nephron?

A

urea, ureic acid ammonia, catecholamines, prostaglandins, pollutants, drugs

45
Q

How are substances transported into the nephron, actively or passively?

A

actively

46
Q

What substances are secreted into the nephron to regulate acid-base balance?

A

H and HCO3

47
Q

Where is aldosterone secreted from?

A

adrenal cortex

48
Q

What stimulates aldosterone secretion? Does aldosterone directly increase water reabsorption?

A

decreased sodium I the blood, decreased blood pressure and angiotensin production. Yes it does

49
Q

Where is ADH secreted from?

A

posterior lobe the pituitary gland due to increased blood osmolarity and dehydration

50
Q

What are the actions of ADH on the nephron? What type of channels are made in response to ADH?

A

makes the duct more permeable to water and allows filtrate to diffuse. Makes aquaporins

51
Q

What would be the effect of increased urine volume on blood volume?

A

blood volume would decrease

52
Q

What is the role of the nephron in water retention?

A

allows smalls molecules and wastes like water pass through

53
Q

What is the countercurrent multiplier?

A

the salinity gradient in the medulla

54
Q

What is the difference in osmolarity between the cortex and the medulla, and what role does this play in water retention?

A

lower in the medulla than the cortex. This makes the medulla more permeable to water

55
Q

What would happen to the retention of water with a low osmolarity in the filtrate?

A

the water retention would increase

Physiology (10 decks)

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