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lecture quiz hormones Flashcards

1
Q

what cell type comprises the hypothalamus, anterior and posterior pituitary gland?

A

neurons, and endocrine epithelium

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2
Q

What hormones are secreted from the hypothalamus?

A

Growth hormone, GHIH, Thyrotropic, cortictrophic, Prolactin inhibitory hormone, gonadotropin hormone

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3
Q

Are all of the hormones produced in the hypothalamus secreted from the hypothalamus?

A

no prolactin

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4
Q

What hormones are secreted from the posterior pituitary gland? What are their target organs? What actions do they have on those organs?

A

Oxytocin (uterus) and ADH (Kidney) contraction and retain water

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5
Q

What is the role of oxytocin in the female? Does it have any actions on men?

A

triggers labor and produces breastmilk. Help moves sperm in males

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6
Q

What would happen to someone that had reduced amounts of ADH secretion? What would happen to their blood volume? What would happen to their urine output?

A

urine would increase and blood pressure would drop. The person would also become dehydrated.

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7
Q

What hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland? What are the target organs for each? What are the general actions of each?

A

FSH - target organ is gonads - sex steroids secretions nd development
TSH thyroid TH secretion
ACTH adrenal cortex cortico steroid secretion
prolactin mammory glands milk production
growth hormone bone muscle fat liver growth and IGF secretion

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8
Q

What is the most abundantly secreted hormone of the anterior pituitary? Why?

A

growth hormone because it stimulates cells in all tissues of the body

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9
Q

What is IGF? What would a deficiency of IGF result in? Where is most of the IGF of the body produced?

A

insulin. It would result in dwarfism and it is produced in the liver.

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10
Q

What conditions arise from excess GH secretion? Why are there different conditions for childhood and adulthood?

A

childhood is giantism because it effects your height more and adulthood is acromegaly because it is mainly effecting your bone size in your face and feet

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11
Q

What is the function of the thyroid gland?

A

to stimulate energy consumption and heat

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12
Q

What hormone has receptors within the thyroid gland to stimulate thyroid hormone production and secretion?

A

TSH

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13
Q

What would happen to thyroid hormone secretion if TSH were produced in excess? What about excess TRH? Draw a feedback loop detailing excess T3 production on TRH and TSH secretion.

A

excess TSH- result in hyperthyroidism which would lead to. high metabolic rate, increased body temperature, nervousness irritability, and excess TRH would do the opposite

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14
Q

What are the actions of thyroid hormone?

A

increases metabolic rate

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15
Q

Where are its receptors located? What type of hormone is it?

A

T4 and T3 bind to globulin

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16
Q

What must be consumed in the diet to synthesize thyroid hormone?

A

Iodine

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17
Q

What are the two types of thyroid hormones? Which is the more active form?

A

T3 and T4, T3 is the active one

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18
Q

What is the difference in T3 and T4 synthesis?

A

one is formed by one MIT and DIT, two DIT form T4

19
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands?

A

sit on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland and secrete PTH

20
Q

What is the function of PTH?

A

maintain calcium levels in the blood plasma

21
Q

What are the mechanisms of PTH action?

A

increased retention of calcium in the kidneys
increased calcitriol synthesis in the kidney
increased phosphate excretion
increased bone resorption by increasing the number of osteoclasts present

22
Q

what are the target organs for PTH?

A

bones, kidneys, and small intestine

23
Q

Why do we need to maintain blood calcium concentration? What important functions of the body require calcium?

A

in order for muscles to contract and nerves to carry messages

24
Q

What are the two regions of the adrenal gland?

A

cortex and medulla

25
Q

What are chromaffin cells? Where are they located? What do they secrete?

A

modified neurons located in the medulla. They secrete epi and ne

26
Q

Where are the mineralocorticoids produced? What is their function?

A

produced in the zone, they control electrolyte balance

27
Q

What hormones are secreted from each layer or the adrenal cortex?

A

glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and adrenal androgens (corticosteroids)

28
Q

What hormone stimulates the release of hormones from the adrenal cortex?

A

ACTH

29
Q

What would be some of the effects of excess ACTH secretion?

A

cushings disease which is characterized by weight gain in particular areas, glucose intolerance, and protein wasting

30
Q

What is the primary mineralocorticoid? What is its target organ? What are its functions?

A

aldosterone. Kidneys, increases sodium and water levels

31
Q

What is the primary glucocorticoid? Why is it important? Where is it secreted from?

A

cortisol, helps the body adapt to stress, its secreted from the adrenal cortex

32
Q

What hormones are secreted from the zona reticularis?

A

sex hormones, androgens

33
Q

Are hormones secreted from the adrenal cortex peptide or steroid hormones? Where would there receptor be located in the cell?

A

steroid hormones, receptors are in the nucleus of the cell

34
Q

What is the role of the adrenal cortex and medulla in the fight-or-flight response?

A

helps your body respond to stress

35
Q

What are the properties of cardiac muscle that are different from skeletal muscle?

A

joined by gap junctions and desmosomes called intercalated disks, not as many t tubules, cardiac muscle has rhythmicity and automaticity, also has a longer refectory period

36
Q

What are intercalated discs?

A

gap junctions that link adjacent cardiac muscles so that electrical impulses can travel between cells and causes to contract almost simultaneously

37
Q

Without gap junctions in the cardiac myocyte what event could not occur? Why?

A

your heart would not beat properly because the electrical impulses would not be able to go through

38
Q

What unique properties allow cardiac muscle to produce its own pacemaker activity?

A

depolarizes independent of any external stimuli at a constant rate

39
Q

How long is the refractory period of cardiac muscle compared to skeletal muscle? Why is this difference necessary?

A

its much longer to avoid tetany, which would decrease blood flow

40
Q

Where is the origin of the cardiac pacemaker?

A

SA node

41
Q

What is an average heart rate? What dictates this rate?

A

60-100 bpm, the PNS and SNS

42
Q

What occurs at threshold that causes the rapid depolarization?

A

conduction through bundle of branches and purkinje fibers

43
Q

What must occur before another action potential can occur?

A

rmp is reached so sodium channels can open again

44
Q

Why does cardiac conduction slow down through the AV node?

A

because the bundle of His splits into left and right bundle branch and diameter is smaller

Physiology (10 decks)

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