endocrine system

Question 1

neural versus endocrine

Answer 1

neural sends signals through neurons and impulses and endocrine is through blood secretion and hormones.

Question 2

what are the four types of cell to cell communication?

Answer 2

Gap junctions/direct, neurotransmitters, autocrine/ paracrine (diffuse), blood to target organs with specific receptors

Question 3

endocrine

Answer 3

into/secrete

Question 4

hormone

Answer 4

excite/set in motion

Question 5

What are steroid hormones derived from?

Answer 5

derived from cholesterol. They are hydrophobic and require a transport protein.

Question 6

Where are peptide hormones synthesized?

Answer 6

synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum

Question 7

What are amine hormones synthesized from?

Answer 7

one or two amino acids (melatonin and thyroid hormone

Question 8

Do most peptide and amine hormones require transport proteins? Why or why not?

Answer 8

no because they are water soluble

Question 9

What are the three ways that a hormone might be secreted?

Answer 9

neural, hormonal or humoral stimuli

Question 10

What is the function of a transport or binding protein? How is it beneficial to a hormone? How might it inhibit hormone action?

Answer 10

carry steroid hormones through the blood because they are hydrophobic and provide protection from degradation which increases hormones half life. (thyroid)

Question 11

Describe the relationship between a hormone and its receptor.

Answer 11

key and lock

Question 12

bound hormone

Answer 12

has a transport protein

Question 13

free hormone

Answer 13

does not have a transport protein

Question 14

What is a second messenger system? What types of hormones require one? Why?

Answer 14

small ions the relay signals received by cell surface receptors to effector proteins. Hydrophilic peptide and amine hormones require it because they cannot readily pass through the phospholipid bailer and require a cell surface receptor

Question 15

What are some examples of second messenger systems?

Answer 15

cAMP, calcium, kinase

Question 16

How do second messenger systems amplify the signal from a hormone?

Answer 16

activate multiple target enzymes

Question 17

What factors determine the degree of hormone action?

Answer 17

hormone concentration (secreted vs degraded), receptor number and location, carrier protein concentration

Question 18

What stimulates insulin secretion? Is this a humoral, neural or hormonal stimulus?

Answer 18

response to increased blood glucose. humoral stimulus

Question 19

What type of hormones are insulin and glucagon?

Answer 19

pancreatic endocrine hormones

Question 20

What are the actions of insulin on the cell? What are its target organs?

Answer 20

insulin acts to stimulate muscle and adipose tissue to store excess potential energy and also surpasses the use of energy that is already stored. Insulin stimulates the reactions of glycogen and fatty acid synthesis and inhibits enzymes involved in catabolic reactions. It’s target organs are muscle, adipose and the liver

Question 21

How does blood glucose stimulate the release of insulin?

Answer 21

when it is too high insulin is released

Question 22

What would happen to blood glucose levels if the beta cells were destroyed?

Answer 22

the body would no longer be able to produce enough insulin

Question 23

What are the actions of glucagon on the cell? What are its target organs?

Answer 23

stimulated when blood glucose levels fall below normal it stimulates the release of stored energy and its target organ is the liver

Question 24

What are the counter-regulatory hormones?

Answer 24

glucagon, growth hormone cortisol, and epinephrine