Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuroscience > Synapses, Neurotransmitters, Hormones > Flashcards

Synapses, Neurotransmitters, Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

What is synaptic transmission?

A

How neurones communicate with each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a synapse?

A

The gap between neurones where signals are passed from one to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the two types of synapses?

A

Electrical and chemical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the characteristics of an electric synapse?

A

Small gap between two neurones (2-4nm), large channels to allow ions to move directly from one neurone to another, process is similar to propagation of an action potential, fast, prevalence in PNS due to muscle contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How are action potential propagated in electric synapses?

A

From the pre-synaptic neurone to the post-synaptic neurone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the characteristics of a chemical synapse?

A

Specialised structures to transmit chemical signals, larger gap (20-40nm), slow transmission, high prevalence in neurones (1000)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the process in chemical synapses with action potential?

A
  1. Action potential arrives at pre-synaptic membran3
  2. VG Ca 2+ channels open
  3. Ca 2+ diffuses into the cell
  4. Synaptic vesicles fuse with the membrane
  5. Neurotransmitters released into the synaptic cleft
  6. Neurotransmitter binds to the postsynaptic receptor, opening the ion channels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the fusion process of vesicles?

A

Lipid membrane forms a large opening for release into the cleft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the criteria for neurotransmitters?

A

Must be synthesised in the pre-synaptic neurone, present in the axon terminal and released in a calcium dependant manner upon depolarisation of the pre-synaptic neurone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do amino acid transmitters do?

A

Fast transmission such as glutamate with the related amino acid aspartate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are examples of biogenic amines?

A

Noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How are biogenic amines produced?

A

By the amino acid tyrosine and then decarboxylation occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How do neuropeptides work?

A

They have long term neuromodulatory effects due to interaction with metabotropics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the three groups of neuromodulator peptides

A

Enkephalins, endorphins, dynorphins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a property of enkephalins?

A

Pain relieve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are properties of endorphins and dynorphins?

A

Pain relief and euphoria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What happens if the synapse is excitatory?

A

NA + channels open, depolarisation occurs leading to an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What happen if the synapse is inhibitory?

A

Cl- channels open, hyperpolarisation occurs leading to an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are receptors?

A

Membrane proteins that bind neurotransmitters in a lock and key principle so each receptor type can bind only to a specific neurotransmitter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are ionotropic receptors?

A

Receptors that lead to the opening or closing of an ion channel so there is a change in the ion channel permeability for a flow of ions across the cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are ionotropic receptors responsible for?

A

Fast, brief and precise synaptic transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the structure of an ionotropic receptor?

A

Ligang-gated ion channel, receptor site is apart of the ion channel protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are metabotropic receptors?

A

Receptors where the binding of neurotransmitters activates a G protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does a G protein do?

A

Bind to an ion channel which will influence opening or closing or activate secondary messengers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What do metabotropic receptors allow?

A

Slower and prolonged signalling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

A chemical released that will transmit signals between neurones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are characteristics of neurotransmitters?

A

Synthesised in the pre-synaptic neurones, localised to vesicles in the pre-synaptic neurone, released from the pre-synaptic neurones, removed by the synaptic cleft, binds to receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What happens to neurotransmitters when the signal is transmitted?

A

It is either recycled in the cleft by reuptakers or neutralised by enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are 4 excitatory neurotransmitters?

A

Acetylcholine, glutamate, norepinephrine, serotonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is acetylcholine’s role?

A

Muscle control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is glutamate’s main role?

A

Learning and memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is norpinephrine’s main role?

A

Fight or flight response and arousal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is serotonin’s main role?

A

Mood, appetite, sensory perception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are 2 inhibitory neurotransmitters?

A

Dopamine and GABA

35
Q

What is dopamine’s main role?

A

Reward, motivation, movement

36
Q

What is GABA’s main role?

A

Calmness and relaxation

37
Q

How do SSRIs work?

A

Blocking the reuptake so serotonin can bind to nerve cells

38
Q

What is a neuromodulatory system?

A

A set of neural networks and at the core a small number of neurones in the brainstem

39
Q

How are neurotransmitters secreted?

A

By a small group of neurones in large areas of the nervous system

40
Q

What is the noradrenergic locus coeruleus involved with?

A

Regulation of attention, arousal, learning, memory, anxiety, pain, mood

41
Q

What are the two parts of the serotonergic raphe nuclei?

A

Caudal nuclei and rostral nuclei

42
Q

How does the caudal nuclei work?

A

Innervate the spinal cord for pain related sensation

43
Q

How does the rostral nuclei work?

A

Innervares the brain for the sleep wake cycle and regulation of the sleep stages

44
Q

What is the serotoneric raphe nuclei implicated in?

A

Control of mood and emotions

45
Q

What is the cholinergic basal forebrain involved with?

A

Arousal, sleep wake cycle, learning and memory

46
Q

How do neurones project in the dopaminergic substantia nigra?

A

From the substantia nigra to the striatum to control voluntary movement

47
Q

How does the ventral tegmental area project in the dopaminergic substantia nigra?

A

To the frontal cortex areas of the limbic system for reward system

48
Q

What is dopamine involved in?

A

The reward system associated with pleasure and euphoria increasing the odds that we will repeat the activity

49
Q

What happens after a period of use for dopamine?

A

Tolerance and a decrease in dopamine receptors

50
Q

What are hormones?

A

Molecules secreted by endocrine glands that travel in the bloodstream to influence organs or glands

51
Q

What are the features of hormonal communication?

A

Long lasting effects, produced in small amounts, interaction with other hormones, influence behaviours, many affect different body parts

52
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

The glands of the body where hormones are produced

53
Q

What does the endocrime system help?

A

Regulation of organs, maintaining of homeostasis

54
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located?

A

Below the thalamus forming the walls of the third ventricle

55
Q

How is the hypothalamus divided?

A

Into several nuclei that have specific functions

56
Q

Where is the pituitary gland?

A

Connected to the base of the hypothalamus

57
Q

What are the three zones of the hypothalamus?

A

Lateral, medial and periventricular

58
Q

What part of the hypothalamus is the most connected to the pituitary?

A

The periventricular

59
Q

What does the hypothalamus control?

A

Circadian rhythms and organs via the autonomic nervous system

60
Q

What does the hypothalamus integrate?

A

The somatic and visceral responses in accordance with the needs of the brain

61
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The maintaining of the body’s internal environment in a narrow physiologic range such as temperature, pH and oxygen levels

62
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

Production of many hormones to stimulate other glands to produce hormones

63
Q

What are the pituitary gland two divisions?

A

Posterior and anterior

64
Q

How is the posterior pituitary gland connected?

A

To the hypothalamus

65
Q

Where are neuro-hormones produced?

A

In the magnocellular hypothalamus which is release at the pituitary

66
Q

What is the posterior PG main hormone release?

A

Oxytocin and vasopressin

67
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A

Uterine contractions and lactation

68
Q

What is oxytocin triggered by?

A

Somatic, visual or auditory stimuli

69
Q

What does vasopressin do?

A

Stimulate ADH

70
Q

How is vasopressin regulated?

A

By blood volume and pressure

71
Q

What hormones are implicated in forming romantic attachments

A

Oxytocin and vasopressin

72
Q

How is oxytocin released? (Romantic formation)

A

In response to social bonding and physical intimacy

73
Q

What does the release of oxytocin cause? (Romantic formation)

A

Feelings of trust, closeness, emotional bonding

74
Q

What is vasopressin linked with? (Romantic formation)

A

Pair bonding and attachment in humans

75
Q

How does vasopressin influence people? (Romantic formation)

A

A person’s preference for a specific partner and the commitment to a relationship

76
Q

What does vasopressin contribute to? (Romantic formation)

A

The maintenance of a long term relationship

77
Q

How is the anterior pituitary gland connected?

A

To the pituitary

78
Q

What do parvocellular neurosecretory cells release?

A

Tropic actors to cause the production of hormones

79
Q

What are examples of hormones produced from tropic actors?

A

ACTH (adrenal cortex control), FSH (growth of ovary follicles/sperm), growth hormone (growth of cells), LH (increase in testosterone)

80
Q

What is the main stress response system?

A

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

81
Q

What is the process where hormones effect stress?

A
  1. Hypothalamus releases CRH in response to stress.
  2. In response to CRH, the pituitary releases ACTH
  3. ACTH stimulates the adrenal glands, in response to ACTH the adrenal glands release cortisol into the bloodstream
  4. Cortisol prepares the body for the stressor by increasing energy production and suppressing non essential functions
  5. Cortisol provides negative feedback to the hypothalamus and pituitary to stop releasing CRH and ACTH
82
Q

What is the signals, pathways, speed of information, duration of effect, type of action and response and the target for the nervous system?

A

Electrical (action potentials)
Transmission by neurones
Fast
Short-lived
Voluntary or involuntary
Localised (to cells connected to neurones)

83
Q

What is the signals, pathways, speed of information, duration of effect, type of action and response and the target for the endocrine system?

A

Chemical (hormones)
Transported by the blood
Slow
Short or long-lived
Involuntary
Distant (many cells can be effected)

Neuroscience (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions