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Neuroscience > Neuroscience of Emotions > Flashcards

Neuroscience of Emotions Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of emotion?

A

A complex reaction pattern involving experiential, behavioural and physiology elements by which an individual attempts to deal with a personally significant matter or event

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2
Q

What are the components of emotions?

A

Emotional experiences (subjective feelings), emotional behaviour (e.g. facial expressing) and physiological changes

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3
Q

What is the cognitive component of emotion?

A

How emotional experiences can be influenced by the context or cognitive appraisal of the situation

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4
Q

What does physiological arousal reflect?

A

Activity in the autonomic nervous system that varies with emotional state and vigilance

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5
Q

What does physiological arousal correlate with?

A

Parameters such as respiratory rate, pupil dilation, blood pressure and heart rate

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6
Q

What does the James-Lange Theory of Emotion say?

A

We experience emotion in response to physiological changes in the body

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7
Q

What does the James-Lange Theory of Emotion say about reducing physical sensation?

A

It is associated with the ANS activity and diminishes the intensity of the emotion experiences

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8
Q

What is interoceptive awareness?

A

When we can be aware of our body’s autonomic function

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9
Q

What does Walter Cannon argue?

A

It challenges the James-Lange Theory that emotions originate from the hypothalamus

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10
Q

Where does emotional experience occur?

A

Cerebral cortex

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11
Q

Where does emotional expression occur?

A

Hypothalamus

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12
Q

What did Bard and Hess find?

A

That hypothalamic stimulation provokes intense emotional responses

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13
Q

What does the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion argue?

A

That emotional feelings and physiological accompaniments of an emotional response occurs at the same time but are separate and emotional experience can occur without emotional expression

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14
Q

What is brain area is involved in the Cannon-Bard Theory?

A

The thalamus

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15
Q

How are emotions produced in the Cannon-Bard Theory?

A

Emotions are produced when signals reach thalamus from sensory receptors of the descending cortical input

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16
Q

What does cognitive appraisal account for?

A

The observation that the same physiological state can either feel pleasant or unpleasant

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17
Q

What does the facial feedback hypothesis suggest?

A

Suggests that sensory feedback from facial expressions may influence how we feel

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18
Q

What does March, 2019 suggest about facial feedback?

A

Forcing a smile may make you feel happier

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19
Q

What is the motivational component of emotional state say?

A

That we have a drive to act

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20
Q

What are motivational responses accompany?

A

Subjective feelings and physiological changes

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21
Q

How can emotions be a behavioural response programme?

A

They have been shaped by evolution to optimise responses to a particular event

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22
Q

What is valence?

A

It describes positive and negative emotional states

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23
Q

What is the circumplex model?

A

Found by Russell, 1980 which categorises emotions based on dimensions of valence and arousal

24
Q

What does Darwin say about emotions?

A

That emotional facial expressions are conserved across species

25
Q

What did Ekman and Friesen find?

A

Analysed hundreds of films and photographs and identified 6 primary facial expressions

26
Q

What are the 6 primary facial expressions?

A

Happy, fear, disgust, surprise, sad and anger.

27
Q

What did Plutchik (1994) find?

A

There are 8 primary emotions arranges as opposites

28
Q

What are the 8 primary emotions?

A

Joy, sadness, trust, disgust, anticipation, surprise, fear, anger

29
Q

What is apart of the limbic lobe involved in emotion?

A

The cingulate, parahippocampal gyrus, septal area, amygdala

30
Q

What does the cingulate gyrus involved in?

A

Emotion and motivation

31
Q

What is the parahippocampal gyrus involved in?

A

Episodic memory

32
Q

What does the Papez circuit (1937) say?

A

The hippocampus and related structures are concerned with episodic memory not emotion

33
Q

What is the anterior cingulate cortex activity associated with?

A

Experiences of emotion and motivational drive states

34
Q

What is activity in the anterior cingulate cortex strongly linked with?

A

Hypothalamus, amygdala and motor area

35
Q

What does fMRIs show in the anterior cingulate cortex?

A

The dorsal areas of the cingulate gyrus in associated with experiences of emotion and positive valence

36
Q

What does over-activity of subgenal area 25 show?

A

Reduced metabolism, blood flow and volume in severe depression

37
Q

What does abnormalities in emotions relate to?

A

Abnormalities in the anterior cingulate cortex with patients with ASPD and psychopathy

38
Q

What is Kluver-Bucy Syndrome?

A

When there is removal of both temporal lobes. Problems recognising objects, hypersexuality, become docile, marked loss of fear and aggression

39
Q

What occurs when there is removal of amygdala?

A

Loss of natural fear

40
Q

What are the parts of the amygdala?

A

Central, medial and lateral

41
Q

How does emotions influence thoughts, perceptions and actions?

A

As the majority of cortical areas receive strong projections from amygdala

42
Q

What are the functions of the amygdala?

A

Conditioned fear responses in temporal lobe amnesia patients fear conditioning.
Facilitates episodic memory.
Reading body language and facial expression
Danger detector (orchestrates somatic, attentional, autonomic and endocrine responses
Fight or flight by projecting to the hypothalamus
Evaluates the emotional significance of event

43
Q

What do projections from the amygdala and the hippocampus do?

A

Responsible for emotionally driven memory and vivid recall in PTSD

44
Q

What are disorders from amygdala pathology?

A

Generalised anxiety disorder
Social and other phobias
PTSD
Major depressive disorder
Anger and rage attacks
Autism spectrum disorder

45
Q

What were the findings from the patient SM (1994)?

A

Little to no capacity to experience fear and no concept of personal space due to destruction of the amygdala

46
Q

What occurs in Urback-Wiethe disease?

A

Subjects show diminished anxiety and fearlessness, particularly in response to external threats, cues and dangers. But panic can be elicited experimentally

47
Q

What are the implications from Urbach-Wiethe disease?

A

Emphasises the role of the amygdala in emotional responses to external/environmental cues

48
Q

What is the orbitofrontal regulation of the amygdala?

A

How the orbitofrontl cortex exerts an inhibitory or restraining influence over the amygdala and inhibits emotional reactions

49
Q

What do survivors of head injuries show when there is damage to the orbitofrontal cortex?

A

Rash behaviours with increased impulsivity and aggression

50
Q

What does one to one mapping of emotions to brain regions show?

A

How different emotional states are associated with particular patterns of brain activity

51
Q

What is the ventral striatum involved in?

A

Emotional behaviours and reward based learning

52
Q

What connections does the ventral striatum receive?

A

From the limbic lobe

53
Q

What receptors is in the ventral striatum?

A

Dopamine, opiate, nicotine and cannabinoid

54
Q

What is the optimisation of behaviour based on in the ventral striatum?

A

Anticipated reward or avoidance of loss and punishment

55
Q

What is dopamine implicated with?

A

A training signal and additive behaviour

56
Q

What does deep brain stimulation provide insight in?

A

The role of basal ganglia in emotional experience and aggression

57
Q

What did Witt, 2006 find?

A

A change in artistic expression following deep brain stimulation

Neuroscience (10 decks)

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