Functional Neuroanatomy Flashcards
How many spinal nerves are in the PNS
31
What does the PNS transmit
Nerve impulses to and from the brain and spinal cord
How many central nerves are in the brain
12
What is in the upper and lower limbs
Sensory and motor fibres in the brachial and lumbosacral plexuses
What does the ANS do
Motor supply to smooth muscle
What subsections are in the ANS
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
Where are the sympathetic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system
In the thoracic and upper lumbar of the spinal cord so there is a thoracolumbar outflow, then a sympathetic chain and lastly sympathetic innervation
Where is the parasympathetic NS
In the cranial nerves and sacral spinal cord, so there is craniosacral outflow to the vagus nerve and distribution
What is the cerebral hemisphere responsible for
Personality, learning, memory
What are neurones
Specialised cells responsible for sensory, integrative and motor activities
What are afferent neurones
Neurones that carry impulses to the CNS
What are efferent neurones
Neurones that carry impulses away from the CNS
What is a glial cell
A support cell such as Schwann cells
How is information transmitted in neurones?
Information integrated in the cell body, nerve impulse along axon towards terminal, synaptic transmission,
giving an inhibitory or excitatory effect
Why are brain nerve cells in a complex neural network
To show extensive convergence and divergence
What are the gyrus of the brain
The outfoldings
What are the sulcus of the brain
The creases
What are the 2 sulci
Lateral and central
What is the diencephalon made of
The thalamus and the hypothalamus
What is the hypothalamus?
Brain structure that links the NS and the hormonal system and produces hormones
What is the thalamus?
Subcortical structure that is a relay between sensory and motor system
What are the three types of white matter bundles
Association fibres, commissural fibres, projection fibres
What are association fibres
In the same hemisphere, short fibres that loop to the gyri and the long fibres to distant areas
What are commissural fibres
They cross the midline and connect to the opposite hemisphere
What are projection fibres
They go to and from the cerebral cortex
How is the cerebral cortex divided
Into 50 Brodmann areas due to the differences
What does the hypothalamus do
Regulates homeostatis drive states, controlling the endocrine and autonomic system
What does the basal ganglia do
Regulated by dopamine for 3 main loops of control (voluntary movement, cognition and reward based learning
What is the basal ganglia?
Group of subcortical nuclei
What are the components of the basal ganglia?
Corpus striatum subthalamic nucleus, the substantia nigra,
What is apart of the corpus striatum?
Putamen, globus pallidus and caudate nuclei
What does the amygdala do
Response to danger provoking stimuli in the environment with fight or flight
What is the frontal lobe responsible for
Personality, behaviour, voluntary movement, speech and language, problem solving, planning, decision making, motivation, drive
What is the parietal lobe responsible for?
Somatic sensation, proprioception (sense of body location and movement), visuospatial awareness, understanding symbols, reading, writing
What is the right parietal lobe directly responsible for?
Paying attention to objects of interest
What is the temporal lobe responsible for
Auditory cortex
What is the medial temporal lobe responsible for
Episodic memory and spatial navigation
What is the lateral temporal lobe responsible for
Somatic categorisation
Where is the hippocampus
In the medial temporal lobe
What does the hippocampus do
Storage and retrieval of episodic memory
What does damage to the fusiform gyrus to
Facial blindess
What does the occipital lobe do
It is primary visual cortex and the visual association cortex
What is the dorsal pathway
The ‘where’ pathway
What is the ventral pathway
The ‘what’ pathway
What are the functions of the brainstem
Life support functions
* Control of breathing, heart
rate and blood pressure
* Protective reflexes
(e.g. cough, sneeze, gag)
* Consciousness and
sleep-wake cycles
What is the brain stem composed of
The pons, midbrain, medulla oblongata
What does the brainstem attach?
The spinal cord with the forebrain and cerebrum
What is the cerebrum?
Region (includes cerebral cortex and other subcortical structures)
What are the cerebral hemispheres responsible for
Sensation and movement, Cognition, intelligence, language, Learning and memory, Behaviour, personality, emotions
What connects the two hemispheres
The corpus callosum
What is the cerebellum responsible for
Balance, co-ordination, posture, tone, Manual dexterity, speech articulation, Motor (procedural) learning, Cognition, executive function, language, Perceptual and visuospatial functions, Behaviour, personality, emotional regulation
What does the cerebellum form
The roof of the 4th ventricle
How is the cerebellus connected to the brain stem
By the superior, middle and inferior cerebellar peduncles
What is the ventricular system?
Fluid filled ventricles in the brain and spinal cord.
What are the ventricles filled with?
Cerebrospinal fluid
What does the cerebrospinal fluid do?
Protection, nourishment and waste removal for the CNS
What is the cell body
The main part of the cell that contains a nucleus
What does an axon do
Transmits nerve impulses
away from the cell body
What do axon terminals do
Make contact with other neurones at synapses
What do dendrites do
Receive connections from other neurones
What does grey matter show
Neurones and the synaptic connections
What does white matter show
Axons connecting to different brain areas
What is the limbic lobe responsible for
Memory, emotion and sense of smell
