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Functional Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

How many spinal nerves are in the PNS

A

31

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2
Q

What does the PNS transmit

A

Nerve impulses to and from the brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

How many central nerves are in the brain

A

12

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4
Q

What is in the upper and lower limbs

A

Sensory and motor fibres in the brachial and lumbosacral plexuses

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5
Q

What does the ANS do

A

Motor supply to smooth muscle

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6
Q

What subsections are in the ANS

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

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7
Q

Where are the sympathetic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system

A

In the thoracic and upper lumbar of the spinal cord so there is a thoracolumbar outflow, then a sympathetic chain and lastly sympathetic innervation

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8
Q

Where is the parasympathetic NS

A

In the cranial nerves and sacral spinal cord, so there is craniosacral outflow to the vagus nerve and distribution

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9
Q

What is the cerebral hemisphere responsible for

A

Personality, learning, memory

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10
Q

What are neurones

A

Specialised cells responsible for sensory, integrative and motor activities

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11
Q

What are afferent neurones

A

Neurones that carry impulses to the CNS

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12
Q

What are efferent neurones

A

Neurones that carry impulses away from the CNS

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13
Q

What is a glial cell

A

A support cell such as Schwann cells

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14
Q

How is information transmitted in neurones?

A

Information integrated in the cell body, nerve impulse along axon towards terminal, synaptic transmission,
giving an inhibitory or excitatory effect

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15
Q

Why are brain nerve cells in a complex neural network

A

To show extensive convergence and divergence

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16
Q

What are the gyrus of the brain

A

The outfoldings

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17
Q

What are the sulcus of the brain

A

The creases

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18
Q

What are the 2 sulci

A

Lateral and central

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19
Q

What is the diencephalon made of

A

The thalamus and the hypothalamus

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20
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

Brain structure that links the NS and the hormonal system and produces hormones

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21
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

Subcortical structure that is a relay between sensory and motor system

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22
Q

What are the three types of white matter bundles

A

Association fibres, commissural fibres, projection fibres

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23
Q

What are association fibres

A

In the same hemisphere, short fibres that loop to the gyri and the long fibres to distant areas

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24
Q

What are commissural fibres

A

They cross the midline and connect to the opposite hemisphere

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25
What are projection fibres
They go to and from the cerebral cortex
26
How is the cerebral cortex divided
Into 50 Brodmann areas due to the differences
27
What does the hypothalamus do
Regulates homeostatis drive states, controlling the endocrine and autonomic system
28
What does the basal ganglia do
Regulated by dopamine for 3 main loops of control (voluntary movement, cognition and reward based learning
29
What is the basal ganglia?
Group of subcortical nuclei
30
What are the components of the basal ganglia?
Corpus striatum subthalamic nucleus, the substantia nigra,
31
What is apart of the corpus striatum?
Putamen, globus pallidus and caudate nuclei
32
What does the amygdala do
Response to danger provoking stimuli in the environment with fight or flight
33
What is the frontal lobe responsible for
Personality, behaviour, voluntary movement, speech and language, problem solving, planning, decision making, motivation, drive
34
What is the parietal lobe responsible for?
Somatic sensation, proprioception (sense of body location and movement), visuospatial awareness, understanding symbols, reading, writing
35
What is the right parietal lobe directly responsible for?
Paying attention to objects of interest
36
What is the temporal lobe responsible for
Auditory cortex
37
What is the medial temporal lobe responsible for
Episodic memory and spatial navigation
38
What is the lateral temporal lobe responsible for
Somatic categorisation
39
Where is the hippocampus
In the medial temporal lobe
40
What does the hippocampus do
Storage and retrieval of episodic memory
41
What does damage to the fusiform gyrus to
Facial blindess
42
What does the occipital lobe do
It is primary visual cortex and the visual association cortex
43
What is the dorsal pathway
The 'where' pathway
44
What is the ventral pathway
The 'what' pathway
45
What are the functions of the brainstem
Life support functions * Control of breathing, heart rate and blood pressure * Protective reflexes (e.g. cough, sneeze, gag) * Consciousness and sleep-wake cycles
46
What is the brain stem composed of
The pons, midbrain, medulla oblongata
47
What does the brainstem attach?
The spinal cord with the forebrain and cerebrum
48
What is the cerebrum?
Region (includes cerebral cortex and other subcortical structures)
49
What are the cerebral hemispheres responsible for
Sensation and movement, Cognition, intelligence, language, Learning and memory, Behaviour, personality, emotions
50
What connects the two hemispheres
The corpus callosum
51
What is the cerebellum responsible for
Balance, co-ordination, posture, tone, Manual dexterity, speech articulation, Motor (procedural) learning, Cognition, executive function, language, Perceptual and visuospatial functions, Behaviour, personality, emotional regulation
52
What does the cerebellum form
The roof of the 4th ventricle
53
How is the cerebellus connected to the brain stem
By the superior, middle and inferior cerebellar peduncles
54
What is the ventricular system?
Fluid filled ventricles in the brain and spinal cord.
55
What are the ventricles filled with?
Cerebrospinal fluid
56
What does the cerebrospinal fluid do?
Protection, nourishment and waste removal for the CNS
57
What is the cell body
The main part of the cell that contains a nucleus
58
What does an axon do
Transmits nerve impulses away from the cell body
59
What do axon terminals do
Make contact with other neurones at synapses
60
What do dendrites do
Receive connections from other neurones
61
What does grey matter show
Neurones and the synaptic connections
62
What does white matter show
Axons connecting to different brain areas
63
What is the limbic lobe responsible for
Memory, emotion and sense of smell

Neuroscience (10 decks)

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