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Neuroscience > Functional Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Functional Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

How many spinal nerves are in the PNS

A

31

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2
Q

What does the PNS transmit

A

Nerve impulses to and from the brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

How many central nerves are in the brain

A

12

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4
Q

What is in the upper and lower limbs

A

Sensory and motor fibres in the brachial and lumbosacral plexuses

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5
Q

What does the ANS do

A

Motor supply to smooth muscle

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6
Q

What subsections are in the ANS

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

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7
Q

Where are the sympathetic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system

A

In the thoracic and upper lumbar of the spinal cord so there is a thoracolumbar outflow, then a sympathetic chain and lastly sympathetic innervation

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8
Q

Where is the parasympathetic NS

A

In the cranial nerves and sacral spinal cord, so there is craniosacral outflow to the vagus nerve and distribution

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9
Q

What is the cerebral hemisphere responsible for

A

Personality, learning, memory

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10
Q

What are neurones

A

Specialised cells responsible for sensory, integrative and motor activities

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11
Q

What are afferent neurones

A

Neurones that carry impulses to the CNS

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12
Q

What are efferent neurones

A

Neurones that carry impulses away from the CNS

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13
Q

What is a glial cell

A

A support cell such as Schwann cells

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14
Q

How is information transmitted in neurones?

A

Information integrated in the cell body, nerve impulse along axon towards terminal, synaptic transmission,
giving an inhibitory or excitatory effect

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15
Q

Why are brain nerve cells in a complex neural network

A

To show extensive convergence and divergence

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16
Q

What are the gyrus of the brain

A

The outfoldings

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17
Q

What are the sulcus of the brain

A

The creases

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18
Q

What are the 2 sulci

A

Lateral and central

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19
Q

What is the diencephalon made of

A

The thalamus and the hypothalamus

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20
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

Brain structure that links the NS and the hormonal system and produces hormones

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21
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

Subcortical structure that is a relay between sensory and motor system

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22
Q

What are the three types of white matter bundles

A

Association fibres, commissural fibres, projection fibres

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23
Q

What are association fibres

A

In the same hemisphere, short fibres that loop to the gyri and the long fibres to distant areas

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24
Q

What are commissural fibres

A

They cross the midline and connect to the opposite hemisphere

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25
Q

What are projection fibres

A

They go to and from the cerebral cortex

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26
Q

How is the cerebral cortex divided

A

Into 50 Brodmann areas due to the differences

27
Q

What does the hypothalamus do

A

Regulates homeostatis drive states, controlling the endocrine and autonomic system

28
Q

What does the basal ganglia do

A

Regulated by dopamine for 3 main loops of control (voluntary movement, cognition and reward based learning

29
Q

What is the basal ganglia?

A

Group of subcortical nuclei

30
Q

What are the components of the basal ganglia?

A

Corpus striatum subthalamic nucleus, the substantia nigra,

31
Q

What is apart of the corpus striatum?

A

Putamen, globus pallidus and caudate nuclei

32
Q

What does the amygdala do

A

Response to danger provoking stimuli in the environment with fight or flight

33
Q

What is the frontal lobe responsible for

A

Personality, behaviour, voluntary movement, speech and language, problem solving, planning, decision making, motivation, drive

34
Q

What is the parietal lobe responsible for?

A

Somatic sensation, proprioception (sense of body location and movement), visuospatial awareness, understanding symbols, reading, writing

35
Q

What is the right parietal lobe directly responsible for?

A

Paying attention to objects of interest

36
Q

What is the temporal lobe responsible for

A

Auditory cortex

37
Q

What is the medial temporal lobe responsible for

A

Episodic memory and spatial navigation

38
Q

What is the lateral temporal lobe responsible for

A

Somatic categorisation

39
Q

Where is the hippocampus

A

In the medial temporal lobe

40
Q

What does the hippocampus do

A

Storage and retrieval of episodic memory

41
Q

What does damage to the fusiform gyrus to

A

Facial blindess

42
Q

What does the occipital lobe do

A

It is primary visual cortex and the visual association cortex

43
Q

What is the dorsal pathway

A

The ‘where’ pathway

44
Q

What is the ventral pathway

A

The ‘what’ pathway

45
Q

What are the functions of the brainstem

A

Life support functions
* Control of breathing, heart
rate and blood pressure
* Protective reflexes
(e.g. cough, sneeze, gag)
* Consciousness and
sleep-wake cycles

46
Q

What is the brain stem composed of

A

The pons, midbrain, medulla oblongata

47
Q

What does the brainstem attach?

A

The spinal cord with the forebrain and cerebrum

48
Q

What is the cerebrum?

A

Region (includes cerebral cortex and other subcortical structures)

49
Q

What are the cerebral hemispheres responsible for

A

Sensation and movement, Cognition, intelligence, language, Learning and memory, Behaviour, personality, emotions

50
Q

What connects the two hemispheres

A

The corpus callosum

51
Q

What is the cerebellum responsible for

A

Balance, co-ordination, posture, tone, Manual dexterity, speech articulation, Motor (procedural) learning, Cognition, executive function, language, Perceptual and visuospatial functions, Behaviour, personality, emotional regulation

52
Q

What does the cerebellum form

A

The roof of the 4th ventricle

53
Q

How is the cerebellus connected to the brain stem

A

By the superior, middle and inferior cerebellar peduncles

54
Q

What is the ventricular system?

A

Fluid filled ventricles in the brain and spinal cord.

55
Q

What are the ventricles filled with?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

56
Q

What does the cerebrospinal fluid do?

A

Protection, nourishment and waste removal for the CNS

57
Q

What is the cell body

A

The main part of the cell that contains a nucleus

58
Q

What does an axon do

A

Transmits nerve impulses
away from the cell body

59
Q

What do axon terminals do

A

Make contact with other neurones at synapses

60
Q

What do dendrites do

A

Receive connections from other neurones

61
Q

What does grey matter show

A

Neurones and the synaptic connections

62
Q

What does white matter show

A

Axons connecting to different brain areas

63
Q

What is the limbic lobe responsible for

A

Memory, emotion and sense of smell

Neuroscience (10 decks)

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