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Neuroscience of Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What is learning?

A

It is the acquisition of knowledge or skills
as a result of experiences and consequently it can alter behaviour on the basis of this experiences

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2
Q

What is memory?

A

Mechanism for storing what is learned

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3
Q

What are the different types of learning?

A

Non-associative and associative

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4
Q

What are the two types of non-associative learning?

A

Habituation and sensitisation

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5
Q

What are the two types of associative learning?

A

Classic conditioning and operant conditioning

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6
Q

What is non-associative learning?

A

The subject learns whether to ignore or react to a certain stimulus.
It is a simple way of learning that does not need to associate two stimuli

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7
Q

What is habituation?

A

Gradual decrease in the response to stimulus when it is frequently repeated. It is simple and widespread

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8
Q

What is the biology of habituation

A

Seminal work in a sea slug (Aplysia). There is a siphon withdrawal reflex

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9
Q

What is siphon withdrawal reflex?

A

Repeated stimulation results in long-lasting habituation for several weeks

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10
Q

Who looked at the biology of habituation?

A

Eric Kandel

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11
Q

What is habituation caused by?

A

Changes in synapse between the sensory cell and the motor neuron

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12
Q

What is the response for long term habituation?

A

No response

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13
Q

What is the response for short term habituation?

A

Gill withdrawal

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14
Q

What is sensitisation?

A

It is a potentiation in the response to stimulus
(painful or pleasant).
It is simple and widespread.
Heightened awareness to a stimulus or class of stimuli for a period of time.

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15
Q

What is biology of sensitisation?

A

Shock to tail results in sensitisation of gill withdrawal. Modulatory neurone increases synaptic transmission of the sensory neurone onto the motor neurone

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16
Q

Is habituation specific or general?

A

Specific to a particular stimulus and response

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17
Q

Is sensitisation specific or general?

A

General to a variety of stimuli and response and to a particular brain circuit

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18
Q

What does habituation result in?

A

Decreased response magnitude

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19
Q

What does sensitisation result in?

A

Increased response magnitude

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20
Q

What does sensitisation do to circuits?

A

Heightens response

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21
Q

When does habituation occur?

A

Occurs after repetition

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22
Q

When does sensitisation occur?

A

Occur after a single instance

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23
Q

What is associative learning?

A

The subject learns about the relationship that can associate one stimulus to another

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24
Q

What does a conditioned process result in?

A

The formation of learned responses called conditioned reflexes

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25
What is a conditioned reflex?
Automatic response to a stimulus (conditioned stimulus) which did not previously evoke response acquired by repeatedly associating this stimulus with another stimulus (unconditioned stimulus)
26
What did Pavlov find in classic conditioning?
He noticed that his experimental dogs salivate just on seeing the animal house keeper who used to feed them
27
What is a unconditioned stimulus?
A stimulus that does not require learning to yield a response
28
What is a conditioned stimulus?
A stimulus that requires associative learning with a US to yield a response
29
What brain regions is involved in classical conditioning?
Amygdala and cerebellum
30
What is operant conditioning?
Subject is taught to perform some voluntary action in response to a particular stimulus that alert them to perform the learned action in order to obtain reward to avoid punishment
31
What is the alerting signal?
Conditioned stimulus
32
What is the pleasant/unpleasant event?
Unconditioned stimulus
33
What is the mechanism of conditioning?
Short-term learning involves changes in synaptic efficiency. Increase in transmitter release, increase in receptor density, or both/ Leads to changes in interneuron modulation, changes through synapse formation, change through synaptic plasticity
34
What is memory?
The process by which knowledge of the world is encoded, stored, and later retrieved (Kandel, 2000). It is the ability of the brain to store information and recall it at later time
35
What are the memory processes?
Encoding, storage, retrieval
36
What is encoding?
The input of information into the memory system.
37
What is storage?
The retention of the encoded information.
38
What is retrieval?
Getting the information out of memory and back into awareness.
39
What is the simple model of memory?
Sensory information, short term memory and consolidation to get to the long term memory
40
What is the short term memory?
Immediate memory for events, which may or may not be consolidated into long-term memory.
41
What are the brain regions involved in short term memory?
Sensorimotor and prefrontal cortex
42
What is consolidation?
Process by which short term memories are converted into long-term memories.
43
What is the long term memory?
Relatively stable memory of events that occurred in the more distant past.
44
What is the duration of the short term memory?
Seconds to minutes
45
What is the duration of the long term memory?
Hours to years
46
What is the digit span?
Capacity, 7+/-2
47
What is the working memory?
Overlap between the short term memory, attention, intelligence
48
What are the components of the Baddeley-Hitch multicomponent model?
Visuo spatial sketch pad, central executive, phonological loop
49
What is the visuo spatial sketch pad?
Storage of visual and spatial information
50
What is the central executive?
Maintenance, manipulation, forgetting
51
What is the phonological loop?
Storage of verbal information
52
What are the two types of long term memory?
Explicit (declarative) and implicit (non-declarative)
53
Is semantic and episodic explicit or implicit?
Explicit
54
What brain regions are involved in episodic memory?
Hippocampus, medial temporal lobe and neocortex
55
What brain regions are involved in semantic memory?
Lateral and anterior temporal cortex, prefrontal cortex
56
Is procedural and priming explicit or implicit?
Implicit
57
Where is the procedural memory?
Cerebellum and the striatum
58
Where is priming in the brain?
Neocortex
59
What is the delayed match to sample task?
A test of declarative memory where the response of a neurone in the prefrontal cortex during a delayed match to sample task
60
What is the stages for long term memory?
1. There is an external stimulus 2. Activation of the cell assembly by stimulus 3. Reverberating activity continues activation after the stimulus is removed 4. Hebbian modification strengthens reciprocal connection between neurones that are active at the same time 5. Strengthened connections of the cell assembly contain the engram for the stimulus
61
What does memory involve?
The same regions that are involved in processing the stimulus, strengthening the association between neurones of the memory trace
62
What occurs when the strengthening association between neurones occurs?
Full activation
63
What happened with Clive Wearing?
Bilateral damage leads to profound anterograde amnesia
64
What happened with HM?
Had epilepsy and became intractable so had bilateral medial temporal lobe resections/ Developed anterograde amnesia.
65
What is amnesia?
Amnesia is a severe impairment of memory, usually as result of accident or disease
66
What are the two types of amnesia?
Retrograde and anterograde
67
What is retrograde amnesia?
Memory loss of events prior to the amnesia, able to form new memories after
68
What is anterograde amnesia?
Inability to form new memories after the onset of the amnesia
69
What happened to HM after his surgery?
* Good retrograde semantic memory * Cannot recall events that have just happened * Cannot recall any new facts * Cannot remember new faces * Showed a clear dissociation between fully intact perception and cognition versus severely impaired memory
70
What is the hippocampus important for?
Formation of new episodic memories, encoding perceptual aspects of memories, novel events, places, and stimuli
71
What long term memory did HM's surgery not effect?
Procedural and some implicit
72
What was NA missing (Squire, 1989)
Thalamus and mamillary body
73
What memory was effected in NA?
Semantic and episodic memory (particularly verbal episodic)
74
What amnesia did NA have?
Profound anterograde
75
What is Korsakoff's syndrome?
A memory deficiency caused by lack of thiamine, seen in chronic alcoholism.
76
What is confabulating?
Done in Korsakoff's syndrome where they fill in a gap in memory with a falsification that they accept as true
77
What happened to patient K.C?
Damage to the cortex and shrinkage of the hippocampus and parahippocampal cortex
78
What effects did the damage have on K.C?
Cannot retrieve episodic memory
79
What was found in London taxi drivers?
Larger hippocampus due to them having to memorise the routes of london (Maguire et al)
80
What was found in people in Alzheimer's?
Hippocampus degenerates explaining the core dementia symptoms such as getting lost in familiar places
81
What does early work indicate in animals?
They form a cognitive map
82
What occurs in the place cells of the hippocampus?
They become active when an animal is in or moving towards a location
83
When do grid cells fire?
When an animal crosses intersection points of an abstract gri
84
What happens during the firing of entorhinal border cells?
Arrival at the perimeter of a spatial map is signalled

Neuroscience (10 decks)

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