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Physiology > Synapses > Flashcards

Synapses Flashcards

1
Q

What determines the function of a chemical synapse?

A

the receptor, not the neurotransmitter

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2
Q

What do chemical synapses involve?

A

neurotransmitters that are released into the presynaptic cell and bind receptors to excite, inhibit, or modify post synaptic cells

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3
Q

How many NTs have been identified?

A

over 100

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4
Q

What is the largest known neurotransmitter-receptor family?

A

serotonin receptor subtypes

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5
Q

What are the presynaptic events that occur within the presynaptic neuron?

A
  1. action potential arrives at the synaptic terminal causes membrane depolarization
  2. VG Ca2+ channels open
  3. Ca2+ enters the synaptic terminal
  4. exocytosis of vesicles filled with NT
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6
Q

What dictates the amount of NT released from the presynaptic cell?

A

the amount of Ca2+ that enters

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7
Q

What is a synaptic delay?

A

the amount of time it takes between pre-synaptic depolarization and post-synaptic response

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8
Q

How does synaptic delay alter?

A

the more complex the reflex, the more synaptic delay

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9
Q

What causes the synaptic delay?

A

due to the time for calcium entry for exocytosis, presynaptic NT release, diffusion in the synaptic cleft, and post synaptic receptor activation

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10
Q

What are the two classifications of NT?

A

small molecules and neuropeptides

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11
Q

What are characteristics of small molecule NT?

A

-rapidly acting
-elicit acute responses

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12
Q

What are some examples of small molecule NTs?

A

acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, histamine, glycine, GABA, glutamate, and nitric oxide

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13
Q

What are characteristics of neuropeptides?

A

larger molecules
-slower
-effects are slower, more potent, and more prolonged
-fewer neuropeptides produced and release

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14
Q

What are some examples of neuropeptides?

A

LH, ACTH, GH, vasopressin, oxytocin, angiotenison II, and substance P

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15
Q

What is substance P associated with?

A

inflammation and pain pathway

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16
Q

What are the three ways to terminate the NT action?

A

-re-uptake of NT by the pre-synaptic membrane
-inactivation of NT by the enzymes in the synapse
-diffusion of NT away from the synapse

17
Q

What are ionotropic receptors?

A

receptors on the post synaptic cell that directly affect ion channels

18
Q

What can the binding of NT on an ionotropic receptor cause?

A

-changes in cell membrane potential
-stimulate muscle contraction and/or relaxation
-stimulate secretion
-act as a second messenger to alter cellular activity

19
Q

What are metabotropic receptors?

A

G protein coupled receptors on post synaptic cells

20
Q

What causes EPSPs?

A

-opening of Na+ or Ca2+ channels
-closing of K+ or Cl- channels

21
Q

What causes IPSPs?

A

-opening of Cl- channels
-increased in K+ conductance
-closing of Na+ or Ca2+ channels

22
Q

Is only one graded potential needed for an action potential?

A

no, usually the summation of GPs are needed to make an AP

23
Q

What are the two types of summation?

A

-spatial
-temporal

24
Q

What is spatial summation?

A

when there are simultaneous EPSPs or IPSPs form multiple presynaptic neuron onto one post synaptic neuron

25
Q

What is temporal summation?

A

successive EPSPs or IPSPs from a single presynaptic nerve terminal

26
Q

What can cause a change in excitability of a neuron?

A

-synaptic input
-prolonged activation
-changes in membrane permeability, ion concentration, and other chemicals

27
Q

What type of response of glutamate cause?

A

excitatory response

28
Q

What type of response does GABA cause?

A

inhibitory response

29
Q

What does an axo-axonal inhibitory signal cause?

A

causes less Ca2+ to enter the synaptic cleft and decreases the amount of NT released which causes a smaller EPSP

30
Q

What does an axo-axonal facilitation signal cause?

A

cause more Ca2+ to enter the synaptic cleft and increase the amount of NT released which causes a larger EPSP

31
Q

What is synaptic fatigue?

A

when each successive stimulus is identical, but the response is progressively smaller
-due to a presynaptic change

32
Q

What is long term potentiation?

A

enhanced stimulation on the post-synaptic neuron after a brief period of rapidly repeated stimulation of presynaptic neuron
-becomes easier to cause an action potential

33
Q

What is long term depression?

A

the opposite of LTP
-decreases the synaptic strength

34
Q

What can cause increased excitability of a neuron?

A

-hyperkalemia (up to 6 mM)
-hypocalcemia
-alkalosis
-caffeine and theophylline
-upregulation of receptors

35
Q

What can cause decreased excitability of a neuron?

A

-hyperkalemia (above 6 mM)
-hypokalemia
-hypercalcemia
-acidosis
-anesthetics
-down regulation of receptors
-hypoxia
-fatigue

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