CNS General Overview and Control of Voluntary Movement 1

Question 1

What is the central nervous system?

Answer 1

the brain and spinal cord

Question 2

What is the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 2

nervous tissue outside of the brain and spinal cord

Question 3

What is the somatic nervous system?

Answer 3

innervation of skeletal muscle

Question 4

What is the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 4

innervation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, and adipose tissue

Question 5

What is the afferent pathway?

Answer 5

sensory

Question 6

What is the efferent pathway?

Answer 6

motor

Question 7

What is the thalamus a part of?

Answer 7

the diencephalon

Question 8

What is required for almost all cortical activity?

Answer 8

thalamic excitation of the cerebral cortex

Question 9

Is the thalamus involved in the efferent or afferent pathway?

Answer 9

both

Question 10

What is the path of sensory neurons in the spinal cord?

Answer 10

enter via the dorsal root then synapse with interneurons and/or motor neurons in the gray matter

Question 11

What is the path of motor neurons in the spinal cord?

Answer 11

exit the spinal cord via the ventral root to go to effectors

Question 12

Where are the ascending sensory axons found?

Answer 12

in the dorsal columns and spinothalamic tracts

Question 13

Where the descending motor axons found?

Answer 13

the corticospinal tract

Question 14

What are the lobes of the cerebrum?

Answer 14

frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital

Question 15

What do the primary areas of the cerebrum do?

Answer 15

part of the brain that perceives the information

Question 16

What do the association areas of the cerebrum do?

Answer 16

receive and analyze signals from multiple regions of both sensory and motor coritces

Question 17

What are the specialized areas of the frontal lobe?

Answer 17

premotor and primary motor cortex, prefrontal cortex, and Broca’s area

Question 18

What are the specialized areas of the parietal lobe?

Answer 18

primary sensory cortex and the primary gustatory cortex

Question 19

What are the specialized areas of the temporal lobe?

Answer 19

primary auditory cortex, primary olfactory cortex, and wernicke’s area

Question 20

What are the specialized areas of the occipital lobe?

Answer 20

primary visual cortex

Question 21

Which side of the brain is most commonly the dominant side?

Answer 21

left

Question 22

What makes the side of the brain dominant?

Answer 22

which side contains Wernicke’s and broca’s areas

Question 23

What is the cerebral cortex?

Answer 23

the outer surface of the cerebrum, gray matter, contains neuron cell bodies

Question 24

What does the corpus callosum do?

Answer 24

allows for information stored in one hemisphere available to the opposite hemisphere

Question 25

What would happen if the corpus callosum was severed?

Answer 25

prevent somatic and visual information from the right side from reaching the general interpretive area used for decision making

Question 26

What lobe of the cerebral cortex would be associated with the paresthesias of an impaired ability to localized or measure the intensity of painful stimuli or impaired perception of various forms of cutaneous sensation?

Answer 26

parietal

Question 27

What lobe of the cerebral cortex would be associated with visual hallucinations as flashes of light, rainbows, brilliant stars, or bright lines?

Answer 27

occipital

Question 28

What lobe of the cerebral cortex would be associated with buzzing and roaring sensations and/or mild hearing loss?

Answer 28

temporal

Question 29

What lobe of the cerebral cortex would be associated with seizures that begin as focal twitching and spread contralateral flaccid paresis or paralysis?

Answer 29

frontal

Question 30

What does the prefrontal association area help do?

Answer 30

decrease aggression and inappropriate social responses, ability to progress toward goals or to carry through sequential thoughts, keep track of many pieces of information simultaneously and recall information as needed

Question 31

What does Broca's area do?

Answer 31

helps in the production of speech

Question 32

What does Wernicke's do?

Answer 32

interpretation of spoken and written language

Question 33

What is the basal nuclei?

Answer 33

neuron cell bodies that are associated with the cerebrum

Question 34

What makes up the basal nuclei?

Answer 34

caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, and subthalamic nucleus

Question 35

What are the two pathways the basal nuclei forms?

Answer 35

direct and indirect

Question 36

What is the direct pathway of the basal nuclei?

Answer 36

increases cortical excitation and promotes movement

Question 37

What is the indirect pathway of the basal nuclei?

Answer 37

inhibits the cortical activity and inhibits movement

Question 38

What do disorders of basal nuclei cause?

Answer 38

movement disorders- dyskinesias

Question 39

What are hypokinetic disorders?

Answer 39

due to damage in the direct pathway -Parkinsons

Question 40

What are hyperkinetic disorders?

Answer 40

due to damage in the indirect pathway -Huntingtons

Question 41

What are the parts of the diencephalon?

Answer 41

-thalamus -hypothalamus -epithalamus -subthalamus

Question 42

What does the thalamus do?

Answer 42

sensory relay for information of the cerebral cortex -motor control pathways also synapse in the thalamus

Question 43

What does the hypothalamus do?

Answer 43

involved in maintaining homeostasis -impacts the autonomic, endocrine, and limbic systems

Question 44

What does the epithalamus do?

Answer 44

contains the pineal body that aids in the regulation of circadian rhythm

Question 45

What does the subthalamus do?

Answer 45

involved in the basal nuclei and control of voluntary movement

Question 46

What does damage of the subthalamus cause?

Answer 46

hemiballismus -contralateral flinging movement of one or both extremities

Question 47

What makes up the limbic system?

Answer 47

cortical and diencephalic structures found on the medial aspect of each hemisphere -involved in emotion (fear, anxiety, and happiness)

Question 48

What is the central structure in mediating the fear response?

Answer 48

the amygdala

Question 49

What causes the activation of sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 49

output of the amygdala to the hypothalamus

Question 50

What is involved in memory processing?

Answer 50

hippocampus

Question 51

What is found in the midbrain?

Answer 51

substantia nigra, red nucleus, superior and inferior colliculi, nuclei of reticular formation, and periaqueductal gray region

Question 52

What is the superior and inferior colliculi involved in?

Answer 52

tectospinal tract that causes head turning in response to sudden visual or auditory stimuli

Question 53

What is the periaqueductal gray region involved in ?

Answer 53

the descending pathway that modulates pain transmission by inhibition of primary afferent transmission in the dorsal horn (help with pain suppression)

Question 54

What do the PAG neurons activate?

Answer 54

neurons in the nucleus raphe magnus and rostral ventromedial medulla that project into spinal cord where they release serotonin and norepinephrine

Question 55

What are the parts of the pons?

Answer 55

pneumotaxic center, nuclei of reticular formation, vestibular nuclei, and swallowing center

Question 56

What does the pneumotaxic center do?

Answer 56

regulates centers in the medulla -activation limits inspiration time and increases respiration rate

Question 57

What is the cerebellum involved in?

Answer 57

motor control of posture, muscle tone and learning of repeating motor functions

Question 58

What do diseases of the cerebellum cause?

Answer 58

alterations in gait, balance an coordination of motor activities (not paralysis)

Question 59

Where is the medulla oblongata?

Answer 59

most inferior portion of the brainstem -continuous with the spinal cord

Question 60

What is included in the medulla oblongata?

Answer 60

-autonomic control centers (CV, respiratory, swallowing, vomiting) -Nucleus raphe magnus -rostral ventromedial medulla -medullary reticular nuclei -pyramids -nuclei for the reticular formation

Question 61

What does the nucleus raphe magnus release?

Answer 61

serotonin

Question 62

What does the rostral ventromedial medulla release?

Answer 62

norepinephrine

Question 63

What are the nucleus raphe magnus and the rostral ventromedal medulla involved in?

Answer 63

EAS -endogenous analgesia system?

Question 64

What does the reticular excitatory activating system (RAS) do?

Answer 64

activate the cortex via the thalamus -pain signals increase the activity of the excitatory area -ACH is one of the NT

Question 65

What maintains consciousness?

Answer 65

normal function of RAS above the mid pons and its bilateral projections. to the thalamus and cerebral hemispheres

Question 66

What can cause a coma?

Answer 66

lesions that affect either the RAS or both cerebral hemisphere