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Physiology > CNS General Overview and Control of Voluntary Movement 2 > Flashcards

CNS General Overview and Control of Voluntary Movement 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is acetylcholine involved in?

A

cognitive functions, especially memory

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2
Q

What happens with Alzhemer’s disease?

A

there is damage in the neurons that release ACH
-degeneration of cholingergic neurons

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3
Q

What neurons release ACH?

A

cholingeric projections in CNS

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4
Q

What is serotonin associated with?

A

influences sleep, cognition, sensory perception, motor activity, temperature regulation, nociception, mood, appetite, sexual behavior, and hormone secretion

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5
Q

What type of neurons release serotonin?

A

serotonergic projections

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6
Q

What part of the brain makes serotonin?

A

raphe nuclei in midbrain

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7
Q

What is involved with dampening ascending pain signals?

A

nucleus raphe magnus

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8
Q

What does dopamine do in the brain?

A

reward, emotion, cognition, memory, and motor activity

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9
Q

What neurons release dopamine?

A

dopaminergic projections in the CNS

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10
Q

What releases dopamine into the basal nuclei?

A

substantia nigra

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11
Q

What do dysfunctions of the dopaminergic pathway cause?

A

addiction, schizophrenia, psychoses, and learning deficits

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12
Q

What pathway degenerates in Parkinson’s?

A

neurons in the substantia nigra compacta that project into the basal nuclei

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13
Q

Where do neurons in the ventral tegmental area project into?

A

the nucleus accumbens and the prefrontal cortex

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14
Q

What does norepinephrine do?

A

impact all areas of the brain and facilitates excitatory synaptic transmission leading to attention and arousal

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15
Q

What part of the brain makes norephinephrine?

A

locus coeruleus

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16
Q

What do all classes of antidepressants do?

A

appear to enhances the synaptic availability of serotonin, norephinephrine, or dopamine

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17
Q

What are the two groups of upper motor neurons?

A

brainstem and corticospinal pathways

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18
Q

What is always released onto muscles?

A

ACH
-to nicotinic receptors
-cause EPSPs only

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19
Q

What do UMNs from the cerebral cortex do?

A

initiate and direct sequences of voluntary movement

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20
Q

What do UMNs from the extrapyramidal pathways do?

A

direct subconscious muscle tone, posture, balance, and orientation of head and body

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21
Q

What do lower motor neurons release?

A

ACH

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22
Q

What type of neurons are lower motor neurons?

A

cholinergic

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23
Q

Where does the ACH from lower motor neurons bind to?

A

nicotinic receptors on skeletal muscle

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24
Q

What does damage of the upper motor neuron do?

A

cause spastic paralysis on muscles on opposite sides of the body

25
Q

What is the reflex from damage to upper motor neurons?

A

Babinski Reflex

26
Q

What does damage to the lower motor neurons cause?

A

flaccid paralysis of muscles on the same side of the body

27
Q

What are the three parts of the motor cortex?

A

-premotor area/cortex
-supplementary motor area/cortex
-primary motor area/cortex

28
Q

What does the the premotor cortex do?

A

set posture at the start of planned movement
-determines the over all movement plan

29
Q

What does the primary motor cortex do?

A

activates specific muscles to execute the plan
-more than half of the primary motor cortex is devotes to controlling the muscles of the hands and muscles of speech

30
Q

What does the supplementary motor cortex do?

A

involved in organizing or planning. motor sequences

31
Q

What do lesions in the supplementary motor cortex do?

A

produce awkwardness in preforming complex activities and difficulty with bimanual coordination

32
Q

What do axons of neurons from supplemental and primary motor cortex make up?

A

the cortiospinal and corticobulbar

33
Q

What is another name for the corticospinal tract?

A

direct motor pathway

34
Q

Where do fibers that originate in the motor cortex go?

A

descend through the internal capsule of the cerebrum

35
Q

What do the axons of the corticospinal tract do in the medulla oblongata?

A

form bundles known as pyramids

36
Q

What happens to 90% of the that form pyramids in the medulla?

A

they cross over to the contralateral side and form the lateral corticospinal tract of the spinal cord and go to the distal muscles of the body

37
Q

What happens to the other 10% of the axons that form the pyramids in the medulla?

A

they do not cross over and form the anterior corticospinal tract and go to the proximal muscles

38
Q

Where do the lateral and anterior corticospinal nerves synapse?

A

with the lower motor neurons in the ventral horn of the spinal cord

39
Q

What is the start and end of the corticobulbar tract?

A

fibers originate in the motor cortex and terminate on nuclei in the brainstem

40
Q

What cranial nerves receive input from the corticobulbar tract?

A

oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, and hypoglossal

41
Q

What does the corticobulbar go?

A

innervates the lower motor neurons that control conscious control over skeletal muscles the move the eye, jaw, face, and some muscles of the neck and pharynx

42
Q

What are the descending motor pathways that originate in the brainstem and regulate lower motor neurons?

A

rubrospinal
tectospinal
vestibulospinal
reticulospinal

43
Q

Where are the upper motor neurons of the rubrospinal tract?

A

red nucleus in midbrain

44
Q

Where does the rubrospinal tract cross over?

A

midbrain

45
Q

What is the function of the rubrospinal tract?

A

upper limb muscle tone and movement

46
Q

Where are the upper motor neurons of the tectospinal tract ?

A

midbrain (superior and inferior colliculi )

47
Q

Where does the tectospinal tract cross over?

A

midbrain

48
Q

What is the function of the tectospinal tract?

A

regulation of eye, head, and neck in UL position in response to visual and auditory stimuli

49
Q

Where are the upper motor neurons of the vestibulospinal tract?

A

vestibular nucleus (pons and medulla)

50
Q

where does the vesitublospinal tract cross over?

A

it doesnt

51
Q

What is the function of the vestibulospinal tract?

A

regulation of balance and muscle tone

52
Q

Where are the upper motor neurons of the reticulospinal tract?

A

medial RS (Pons+) lateral RS (medulla-)

53
Q

Where does the reticulospinal tract cross over?

A

it doesnot

54
Q

What is the function of the reticulospinal tract?

A

regulates muscles of the trunk and limbs for maintaining posture and tone in response to ongoing body movements

55
Q

What is the basal nuclei involved in?

A

initiating and terminating movements, suppressing unwanted movements and establishing a normal level of muscle tone

56
Q

What regulates the activity of upper motor neuron?

A

the basal nuclei via the thalamus

57
Q

What are two diseases of the basal nuclei?

A

parkinsons and huntingtons

58
Q

What is parkinson’s disease?

A

-hypokinetic disorder
-loss of dopaminergic neurons from substantia nigra
-slow movements, tremor, shuffled gate

59
Q

What is huntingtons disease?

A

-hyperkinetic disorder
-autosomal dominant
-loss of GABAergic neurons

Physiology (15 decks)

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