CNS General Overview and Control of Voluntary Movement 2

Question 1

What is acetylcholine involved in?

Answer 1

cognitive functions, especially memory

Question 2

What happens with Alzhemer’s disease?

Answer 2

there is damage in the neurons that release ACH
-degeneration of cholingergic neurons

Question 3

What neurons release ACH?

Answer 3

cholingeric projections in CNS

Question 4

What is serotonin associated with?

Answer 4

influences sleep, cognition, sensory perception, motor activity, temperature regulation, nociception, mood, appetite, sexual behavior, and hormone secretion

Question 5

What type of neurons release serotonin?

Answer 5

serotonergic projections

Question 6

What part of the brain makes serotonin?

Answer 6

raphe nuclei in midbrain

Question 7

What is involved with dampening ascending pain signals?

Answer 7

nucleus raphe magnus

Question 8

What does dopamine do in the brain?

Answer 8

reward, emotion, cognition, memory, and motor activity

Question 9

What neurons release dopamine?

Answer 9

dopaminergic projections in the CNS

Question 10

What releases dopamine into the basal nuclei?

Answer 10

substantia nigra

Question 11

What do dysfunctions of the dopaminergic pathway cause?

Answer 11

addiction, schizophrenia, psychoses, and learning deficits

Question 12

What pathway degenerates in Parkinson’s?

Answer 12

neurons in the substantia nigra compacta that project into the basal nuclei

Question 13

Where do neurons in the ventral tegmental area project into?

Answer 13

the nucleus accumbens and the prefrontal cortex

Question 14

What does norepinephrine do?

Answer 14

impact all areas of the brain and facilitates excitatory synaptic transmission leading to attention and arousal

Question 15

What part of the brain makes norephinephrine?

Answer 15

locus coeruleus

Question 16

What do all classes of antidepressants do?

Answer 16

appear to enhances the synaptic availability of serotonin, norephinephrine, or dopamine

Question 17

What are the two groups of upper motor neurons?

Answer 17

brainstem and corticospinal pathways

Question 18

What is always released onto muscles?

Answer 18

ACH
-to nicotinic receptors
-cause EPSPs only

Question 19

What do UMNs from the cerebral cortex do?

Answer 19

initiate and direct sequences of voluntary movement

Question 20

What do UMNs from the extrapyramidal pathways do?

Answer 20

direct subconscious muscle tone, posture, balance, and orientation of head and body

Question 21

What do lower motor neurons release?

Answer 21

ACH

Question 22

What type of neurons are lower motor neurons?

Answer 22

cholinergic

Question 23

Where does the ACH from lower motor neurons bind to?

Answer 23

nicotinic receptors on skeletal muscle

Question 24

What does damage of the upper motor neuron do?

Answer 24

cause spastic paralysis on muscles on opposite sides of the body

Question 25

What is the reflex from damage to upper motor neurons?

Answer 25

Babinski Reflex

Question 26

What does damage to the lower motor neurons cause?

Answer 26

flaccid paralysis of muscles on the same side of the body

Question 27

What are the three parts of the motor cortex?

Answer 27

-premotor area/cortex -supplementary motor area/cortex -primary motor area/cortex

Question 28

What does the the premotor cortex do?

Answer 28

set posture at the start of planned movement -determines the over all movement plan

Question 29

What does the primary motor cortex do?

Answer 29

activates specific muscles to execute the plan -more than half of the primary motor cortex is devotes to controlling the muscles of the hands and muscles of speech

Question 30

What does the supplementary motor cortex do?

Answer 30

involved in organizing or planning. motor sequences

Question 31

What do lesions in the supplementary motor cortex do?

Answer 31

produce awkwardness in preforming complex activities and difficulty with bimanual coordination

Question 32

What do axons of neurons from supplemental and primary motor cortex make up?

Answer 32

the cortiospinal and corticobulbar

Question 33

What is another name for the corticospinal tract?

Answer 33

direct motor pathway

Question 34

Where do fibers that originate in the motor cortex go?

Answer 34

descend through the internal capsule of the cerebrum

Question 35

What do the axons of the corticospinal tract do in the medulla oblongata?

Answer 35

form bundles known as pyramids

Question 36

What happens to 90% of the that form pyramids in the medulla?

Answer 36

they cross over to the contralateral side and form the lateral corticospinal tract of the spinal cord and go to the distal muscles of the body

Question 37

What happens to the other 10% of the axons that form the pyramids in the medulla?

Answer 37

they do not cross over and form the anterior corticospinal tract and go to the proximal muscles

Question 38

Where do the lateral and anterior corticospinal nerves synapse?

Answer 38

with the lower motor neurons in the ventral horn of the spinal cord

Question 39

What is the start and end of the corticobulbar tract?

Answer 39

fibers originate in the motor cortex and terminate on nuclei in the brainstem

Question 40

What cranial nerves receive input from the corticobulbar tract?

Answer 40

oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, and hypoglossal

Question 41

What does the corticobulbar go?

Answer 41

innervates the lower motor neurons that control conscious control over skeletal muscles the move the eye, jaw, face, and some muscles of the neck and pharynx

Question 42

What are the descending motor pathways that originate in the brainstem and regulate lower motor neurons?

Answer 42

rubrospinal tectospinal vestibulospinal reticulospinal

Question 43

Where are the upper motor neurons of the rubrospinal tract?

Answer 43

red nucleus in midbrain

Question 44

Where does the rubrospinal tract cross over?

Answer 44

midbrain

Question 45

What is the function of the rubrospinal tract?

Answer 45

upper limb muscle tone and movement

Question 46

Where are the upper motor neurons of the tectospinal tract ?

Answer 46

midbrain (superior and inferior colliculi )

Question 47

Where does the tectospinal tract cross over?

Answer 47

midbrain

Question 48

What is the function of the tectospinal tract?

Answer 48

regulation of eye, head, and neck in UL position in response to visual and auditory stimuli

Question 49

Where are the upper motor neurons of the vestibulospinal tract?

Answer 49

vestibular nucleus (pons and medulla)

Question 50

where does the vesitublospinal tract cross over?

Answer 50

it doesnt

Question 51

What is the function of the vestibulospinal tract?

Answer 51

regulation of balance and muscle tone

Question 52

Where are the upper motor neurons of the reticulospinal tract?

Answer 52

medial RS (Pons+) lateral RS (medulla-)

Question 53

Where does the reticulospinal tract cross over?

Answer 53

it doesnot

Question 54

What is the function of the reticulospinal tract?

Answer 54

regulates muscles of the trunk and limbs for maintaining posture and tone in response to ongoing body movements

Question 55

What is the basal nuclei involved in?

Answer 55

initiating and terminating movements, suppressing unwanted movements and establishing a normal level of muscle tone

Question 56

What regulates the activity of upper motor neuron?

Answer 56

the basal nuclei via the thalamus

Question 57

What are two diseases of the basal nuclei?

Answer 57

parkinsons and huntingtons

Question 58

What is parkinson's disease?

Answer 58

-hypokinetic disorder -loss of dopaminergic neurons from substantia nigra -slow movements, tremor, shuffled gate

Question 59

What is huntingtons disease?

Answer 59

-hyperkinetic disorder -autosomal dominant -loss of GABAergic neurons