Autonomic Nervous System

Question 1

What are the areas of the brain that control the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 1

-hypothalamus
-pons
-medulla
-midbrain (not as much)

Question 2

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 2

parasympathetic and sympathetic

Question 3

Which of the two divisions of the ANS is typically active at rest?

Answer 3

parasympathetic

Question 4

Characteristics of the sympathetic nervous system:

Answer 4

-fight or flight
-can selectively activate effectors of elicit a mass discharge
-noradrenergic/adrenergic

Question 5

Characteristics of parasympathetic nervous system:

Answer 5

-rest and digest
-control mechanisms are almost always specific, activating or inhibiting discrete targets
-cholinergic (ACH)

Question 6

Where are parasympathetic neurons found exiting and entering the spinal cord?

Answer 6

craniosacral regions

Question 7

Where are sympathetic neurons found exiting and entering the spinal cord?

Answer 7

thoracolumbar

Question 8

Are organs typically innervated by both the parasympathetic or sympathetic, or just one division?

Answer 8

typically both b

Question 9

What are ganglia?

Answer 9

group of neuronal cell bodies outside the CNS

Question 10

What cranial nerves have parasympathetic fibers?

Answer 10

III, VII, IX, and X

Question 11

What is releases at every preganglionic terminal?

Answer 11

ACH

Question 12

What type of receptors does ACH bind to?

Answer 12

nicotinic receptors

Question 13

What type of response does the release of ACH cause in the postganglionic neuron?

Answer 13

EPSP

Question 14

Where do the sympathetic neurons synapse?

Answer 14

-synapse at the ganglia at the level it leaves the spinal cord
-move up or down and synapse at a different ganglia
-pass through the chain and out a sympathetic nerve and synapse at a peripheral ganglia

Question 15

exception to the synapsing rules:

Answer 15

sympathetics in the adrenal medulla

Question 16

What is released from most sympathetic postganglionic nerves?:

Answer 16

NE (norepinephrine )

Question 17

What are two of the exceptions to the rule that all post ganglionic sympathetic fibers release norepinephrine?

Answer 17

-ACH releases at sweat glands
-ACH released at some skeletal muscle vasculature

Question 18

Where does the ACH bind to on the effector?

Answer 18

alpha or beta receptors

Question 19

What special type of cell is present in the adrenal medulla that released epinephrine/norepinephrine right in to the blood stream?

Answer 19

chromaffin cells

Question 20

How can the adrenal medulla release epinephrine straight into the blood stream?

Answer 20

because it has a special enzyme that turns norepinephrine into epinephrine

Question 21

Do alpha or beta receptors have a higher affinity for catecholamines?

Answer 21

beta receptors

Question 22

What do alpha 1 receptors do?

Answer 22

constrict smooth muscle
-increase in IP3
-causes a release in extra calcium

Question 23

What do alpha 2 receptors cause?

Answer 23

block further norepinephrine release
-cause muscle contraction

Question 24

What has a higher affinity for beta 1 receptors, Epi or NE?

Answer 24

almost equal

Question 25

What has a higher affinity for beta 2 receptors, Epi or NE?

Answer 25

epi has a MUCH greater affinity than NE

Question 26

What has a higher affinity for beta 3 receptors, Epi or NE?

Answer 26

NE has a slightly higher affinity than epi

Question 27

Why is EPI given if you are having an allergic reaction?

Answer 27

has a high affinity for beta 2 receptors which are responsible for dilating airways

Question 28

What do beta 1 receptors do?

Answer 28

increase heart rate and contractability, increase lipolysis, increase renin secretion, and increase protein content in saliva

Question 29

What do beta 2 receptors do?

Answer 29

relax smooth muscle, release FA and glucose -relax smooth muscles -increase glycogenolysis

Question 30

where are beta 3 receptors found?

Answer 30

found in adipose tissue -increase lipolysis

Question 31

Where are alpha 1 receptors located?

Answer 31

effector tissues, smooth muscles, glands

Question 32

Where are alpha 2 receptors located?

Answer 32

nerve endings, some smooth muscle

Question 33

Where are beta 1 receptors located?

Answer 33

cardiac muscle, juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 34

Where are beta 2 receptors located?

Answer 34

smooth muscle, liver, and heart

Question 35

Why is epinephrine added to local anesthetics?

Answer 35

causes vasoconstriction via alpha 1 receptors -does not allow local anesthetic to diffuse as far and allows for more pain suppression in the are it is injected

Question 36

How does albuterol work?

Answer 36

it is a beta 2 selective agonist and cause bronchodilation

Question 37

How can NE be removed from the synapse?

Answer 37

-diffusion from synaptic cleft -reuptake by presynaptic terminal -destruction by MOA or COMT

Question 38

What does cocaine do to the NE at the synapse?

Answer 38

blocks the reuptake by the presynaptic terminal

Question 39

What are MOA inhibitors used for?

Answer 39

treat parkinsons, depression, social anxiety, and others

Question 40

What are some side effects of MAO inhibitors?

Answer 40

xerostomia and nausea

Question 41

Are preganglionic neurons longer in sympathetic or parasympathetic?

Answer 41

parasympathetic

Question 42

What NT is released from preganglionic parasympathetic neurons?

Answer 42

ACH

Question 43

What receptors does ACH bind to?

Answer 43

nicotinic

Question 44

What type of receptors are muscarinic receptors?

Answer 44

G protein coupled receptors

Question 45

What do muscarinic receptors do ?

Answer 45

constrict smooth muscles, relax sphincters, and stimulate glandular secretions D-digestion U- urination M- miosis B-bronchoconstriction and bradycardia L- lacrimation S- salivation

Question 46

Where are M1 receptors?

Answer 46

stomach and salivary glands

Question 47

Where are M2 receptors?

Answer 47

smooth muscle, myocardium, cardiac autorhythmic cells

Question 48

Where are M3 receptors?

Answer 48

exocrine glands, smooth muscle, endometrium, sweat glands

Question 49

Where are M4 receptors?

Answer 49

CNS and vagal nerve

Question 50

Where are M5 receptors?

Answer 50

CNS

Question 51

What do anticholinergic drugs do?

Answer 51

block ACH from binding to the receptors and activating them

Question 52

What does the M2 receptor do in urination and the GI tract?

Answer 52

relax sphincter

Question 53

What does the M3 receptor do in urination and the GI tract ?

Answer 53

constrict detrusor in bladder and constrict muscles in GI

Question 54

What does alpha1 do in urination and the GI tract?

Answer 54

constrict sphinter

Question 55

What does beta 2 in urination and GI tract ?

Answer 55

relax detrusor and muscles in the GI

Question 56

What do M1 and M3 receptors do in the salivary glands

Answer 56

stimulate lots of watery secretions due to contraction of myoepithelial cells and vasodilation

Question 57

What do alpha 1 and beta 2 receptors do in the salivary glands?

Answer 57

vasoconstriction and secretion of concentrated saliva and stimulate secretion of protein

Question 58

What does meth do?

Answer 58

acts on alpha adrenergic receptors and cause vasoconstriction and reduce salivary flow, depriving the oral cavity of saliva's buffering activty

Question 59

What controls the diameter of vascular smooth muscle/blood vessels?

Answer 59

sympathetic nervous system -alpha 1 causes vasoconstriction -beta 2 causes vasodilation

Question 60

What receptors act on the heart?

Answer 60

PNS -M2 SNS -B1 and B2 `

Question 61

What receptors act on the lungs?

Answer 61

PNS -M3 SNS -B2