Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

process of maintaining a relatively constant/stable internal environment

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2
Q

What is the set point?

A

the measure that the body is trying to maintain with homeostasis

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3
Q

What is the external environment?

A

outside the body

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4
Q

What is the extracellular fluid?

A

internal environment; inside body, outside the cells

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5
Q

What makes up the extracellular fluid?

A

plasma and interstitial fluid

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6
Q

What is the intracellular fluid?

A

intracellular environment= inside the cells, cytoplasm

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7
Q

Is homeostasis dynamic or static?

A

dynamic
-levels change over short period of time but remain constant over long period of time

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8
Q

When homeostasis is maintained it is…

A

physiology

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9
Q

When homeostasis is not maintained it is…

A

pathophysiology

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10
Q

What is cellular homeostasis?

A

function of each cell
cytoplasm of single cell
necessary for normal cell function
relies on component of extracellular fluid

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11
Q

What are the two types of extracellular fluid homeostasis?

A

local and systemic

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12
Q

What is local homeostasis?

A

-restricted to one tissue space
-utilizes paracrines and autocrines
-maintain function of tissue

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13
Q

What is systemic homeostasis?

A

-involves entire body
-utilizes nervous system and endocrine system
-maintain function of heart and brain

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14
Q

What systems are involved with systemic homeostasis?

A

endocrine and nervous system

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15
Q

What type of signaling are involved with local homeostasis?

A

autocrine and paracrine

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16
Q

What must be maintained in order for the cells to maintain homeostasis?

A

extracellular fluid

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17
Q

What is the order of the simple systemic homeostatic process?

A

-stimulus
-reflex receptor
-afferent pathway
-integrating center
-efferent pathway
-effector
-effector response

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18
Q

What is the stimulus?

A

first domino
-changes in ECF composition, body temp, BP, etc

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19
Q

What does the threshold stimulus (sensitivity) determine?

A

the amplitude of the normal range

20
Q

What actually are the reflex receptors?

A

cluster of cells, individual cells, cell parts or molecules in the membrane or cytoplasm of cells

21
Q

What is the reflex receptor?

A

detects changes in substance

22
Q

What type of reflexes have afferent pathways?

A

ONLY nervous system reflexes
-NOT THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

23
Q

What is the threshold stimulus?

A

determines amplitude of the normal range

24
Q

why does the endocrine system not have an afferent pathway?

A

integrating stuff is already in the endocrine system so do not have to bring it to one for signaling

25
What is the afferent pathway?
carries information from reflex receptors to integrating center -NS reflexes only -sensory neurons
26
What is the integrating center?
receives stimulus, analyzes information and generates appropriate response
27
What are the integrating center are in the endocrine system?
endocrine gland
28
What are the integrating centers of the nervous system?
brain/spinal cord
29
What is the efferent pathway?
carries commands from integrating center to effectors
30
What is the efferent pathway for the endocrine system?
hormones
31
What are the efferent pathways of the nervous system?
motor neurons
32
What is the effector?
any cell affects by efferent pathway
33
What are the two levels of the effector response?
local effector response and systemic effector response
34
What is the local effector response?
how the cell (effector) function is changed by the efferent pathway
35
What is the systemic effector response?
how ECF (whole body) changed by local effector response
36
Is there only one way to make systemic responses?
no, there are normally many local effectors that will cause the same systemic effector
37
What is feedback regulation?
how systemic effector response changes the function of the reflex receptor
38
What are the two types of feedback regulation?
Negative and positive feedback
39
What is negative feedback?
decreases activity shutting off pathway -keeps variable fluctuating around the setpoint (homeostatic)
40
What is positive feedback ?
increases activity further activating pathway (non-homeostatic)
41
What is tonic level of activity?
at rest, a homeostatic pathway is neither completely shut off or fully active
42
What is antagonistic control?
in many instances a single systemic effector response is controlled by two different efferent pathways but in opposite directions
43
What is mechanistic explanation?
describes how something happens
44
What is an example of positive feedback?
blood clotting
45
What part of the homeostatic process is involved with tonic level of activity?
efferent pathway