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3. Food Animal > Swine 9 > Flashcards

Swine 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

what anti-parasite drugs are used for swine? (6)

A
  • pyrantel
  • piperazine
  • fenbendazole
  • doramectin
  • ivermectin
    -toltrazuril
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2
Q

how is pyrantel administered?

A

in feed

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3
Q

how is piperazine administered?

A

in feed and water

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4
Q

how is fenbendazole administered?

A

in feed and water

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5
Q

how is doramectin administered?

A

injectable

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6
Q

how is ivermectin administered?

A

in feed and injectable

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7
Q

how is toltrazuril administered?

A

per os

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8
Q

important parasites of pigs in canada

A
  • sarcoptes scabiei
  • haematopinus suis
  • ascaris suum
  • trichuris suis
  • cystoisospora suis
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9
Q

sarcoptes scabiei var suis: life cycle length, where they live

A
  • 10-15 days
  • all stages in epidermis / on skin
  • eggs hatch ~5 days > larvae > nymphs > adults
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10
Q

sarcoptes scabiei transmission

A
  • direct pig‐to‐pig
  • adult mites may survive a few days off pig
  • adult sows often source of infection for young pigs
    ‐ large numbers of mites in ears of healthy sows ?
    ‐ transmission usually soon after farrowing
  • first colonise ears then > generalised
  • zoonotic!
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11
Q

sarcoptes scabiei clinical signs

A
  • erythema, red papules <> pruritus
  • rubbing > thickened / wrinkled skin, hair loss
  • chronic infection - small encrustations > plaques in ears, on axillae / legs
  • ear hematomas
  • loss of condition / production
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12
Q

sarcoptes scabiei diagnosis:

A
  • history and clinical signs
  • skin scraping
    > crusted material in ear
    > few mites if hypertensive ?
    > chronic cases - mites often easier to demonstrate
  • serology: herd level. antibody test?
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13
Q

how do we scrape for sarcoptes

A

scrape deep on edge of lesions, 8-10 pigs (chronically infected)

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14
Q

sites of chronic mange

A

hind legs, cranial aspect
hips
armpits
neck (dorsal and ventral)/ upper arm
ears

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15
Q

sarcoptes scabiei control

A
  • ivermectin / doramectin (only two drugs approved) - injection or in feed
  • prefarrowing: prevent transmission to newborn piglets
  • raise piglets in all-in all-out system
  • if continuous grower-finisher facility: ivermectin in feed for 5 days

> NOTE: topical compounds approved but not as effective

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16
Q

sarcoptes scabiei eradication and drug withdrawl time

A

ivermectin, doramectin
1. treat all animals at once and repeat 10-14 days later
2. withdrawl time: 28d ivermectin, 62d doramectin
3. underdosing or missing a pig is a concern
4. avoid reinfection (biosecurity)

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17
Q

why do we have to repeat treatment for sarcoptes after 10-14 days?

A
  • because 1st treatment does not kill eggs
  • repeat before new egg-laying adults appear
18
Q

what is pediculosis

A

infection / disease due to louse infestation
>typically a group problem
> species specific

19
Q

what is haematopinus suis?

A

large black sucking louse

20
Q

what is the life cycle of haematopinus suis? where do they usually inhabit?

A
  • host specific, life cycle = 23 -30 days
  • eggs hatch in 12 - 15 days
  • generally located on ears and inside of legs
  • rare (in commercial pigs. common in potbelly pigs)
21
Q

pediculosis clinical signs

A

-scratching and rubbing
- unthrifty and pale pigs

22
Q

pathogenesis of pediculosis with haematopinus suis? what do they trasmit?

A
  • penetrating mouth parts (sucking louse)
  • heavy infestation in young piglets > anemia
  • transmit:
    > swine pox virus
    >mycoplasma suis / eperythrozoon suis
23
Q

pediculosis diagnosis

A
  • lesions of hair loss <> rubbing
  • unthrifty pale pigs
  • lice and eggs attached to hair shafts
  • punctate cutaneous lesions
24
Q

pediculosis control

A
  • topical pyrethrin, oral / injectable macrocyclic lactone
  • repeat treatment 16-18 days later
    > treat whole group of pigs, not just itchy pigs
25
Q

what is the most important parasite of swine? how widespread?

A

ascaris suum
> essentially on every farm

26
Q

what ascaris suum? where can it be found? how does it survive in the environment? is control needed?

A

-roundworm of pigs
-found in feces / vomit
- prolific egg producer
>resistant to environment / disinfection and long lived (greater than 4 years)
- risk of infection can rarely be eliminated
- control program necessary on all farms
>largest burdens in indoor pigs > eggs last longer

27
Q

ascaris suum transmission and immunity? when do we see clinical ascariasis?

A

transmission:
- ingestion of larvated eggs
- protective immunity develops slowly
> only young seriously affected (immunity increases at 4-5 months)
> sows contaminate environment
- clinical ascariasis <> poor management
- the younger infected, the greater the production impact

28
Q

what is ascariasis

A

infection and disease due to roundworms

29
Q

impact of ascaris suum? when is it greatest? common lesion?

A
  • seldom overt clinical signs
  • decreased rate of gain and feed efficiency
  • parasites gained during suckling period > greatest impact on groth
  • hepatic migration > “milk spot liver” > liver condemnation
30
Q

larval migration of ascaris suum and result

A

gut > liver > lung > coughed up and swallowed
- can lead to the milk spot liver lesions

31
Q

ascaris suum diagnosis

A
  • usually large number of eggs in feces of clinically affected animals
32
Q

impact of ascaris suum on other species (eg. cattle, sheep)

A
  • migrate but do not normally mature in small intestine
  • pulmonary involvement > dyspnea, fever, anorexia
33
Q

how long can ascaris suum eggs remain infective in the environment?

A
  • eggs can remain infective in environment for 6-7 years
34
Q

ascaris suum principles of control

A

control (necessary on all farms):
minimise exposure of piglets to infective eggs
1. deworm sows prior to placing in farrowing crate
2. all-in / all-out farrowing
3. thoroughly clean between litters
4. deworm pigs at least once during early growing period (eg. in feed)

35
Q

what is trichuris suis? how big is it and where does it live?

A

-whipworm of pigs
- adult female ~6-8 cm long
- cecum, colon > mucofibrinous typhlocolitis

36
Q

how long do trichuris suis eggs remain infective in the environment?

A

greater than 6 years

37
Q

trichuris suis clinical signs

A
  • diarrhea / dysentery in grower-finisher pigs
    >frank blood
    > anorexia, decreased weight
  • mortality rates can be high
  • low burdens = subclinical
38
Q

what is a major contributor to trichuris suis infection?

A
  • poor hygiene
    > eggs building up to significant numbers
39
Q

what is a one of the first signs that will put trichuris suis on your radar?

A

non-responsive to antibiotics
> first rule-outs to symptoms are bacteria, which are far more common

40
Q

trichuris suis diagnosis? concurrent infections?

A
  • fecal examination
  • presence of parasites at PM
  • concurrent infection
    > swine dysentery
    > salmonellosis
    > lawsonia
41
Q

trichuris suis control

A
  • good sanitation
  • deworming program includes: fenbendazole
  • note: ivermectin and doramectin have poor efficacy
42
Q

Case study:
* 200 sow, farrow to finish.
* Sows are dewormed at weaning with ivermectin.
* Pigs are dewormed at 20‐25 kg with pyrantel in the feed.
* Farrowing crates washed and disinfected regularly. Other pens are washed every few months.
* Severe ascariasis problem in the finishing unit.
* The 2 anthelmintics used are efficacious and were used at the right dosage

Give 2 reasons that could explain the ascariasis problem.

A
  1. sows should be dewormed before farrowing, not at weaning
  2. finishing pens were not washed and disinfected between batches of pigs

3. Food Animal (22 decks)

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