Swine 9 Flashcards by Mark Sunarich

what anti-parasite drugs are used for swine? (6)

pyrantel
piperazine
fenbendazole
doramectin
ivermectin
-toltrazuril

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how is pyrantel administered?

in feed

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how is piperazine administered?

in feed and water

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how is fenbendazole administered?

in feed and water

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how is doramectin administered?

injectable

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how is ivermectin administered?

in feed and injectable

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how is toltrazuril administered?

per os

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important parasites of pigs in canada

sarcoptes scabiei
haematopinus suis
ascaris suum
trichuris suis
cystoisospora suis

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sarcoptes scabiei var suis: life cycle length, where they live

10-15 days
all stages in epidermis / on skin
eggs hatch ~5 days > larvae > nymphs > adults

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sarcoptes scabiei transmission

direct pig‐to‐pig
adult mites may survive a few days off pig
adult sows often source of infection for young pigs
‐ large numbers of mites in ears of healthy sows ?
‐ transmission usually soon after farrowing
first colonise ears then > generalised
zoonotic!

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sarcoptes scabiei clinical signs

erythema, red papules <> pruritus
rubbing > thickened / wrinkled skin, hair loss
chronic infection - small encrustations > plaques in ears, on axillae / legs
ear hematomas
loss of condition / production

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sarcoptes scabiei diagnosis:

history and clinical signs
skin scraping
> crusted material in ear
> few mites if hypertensive ?
> chronic cases - mites often easier to demonstrate
serology: herd level. antibody test?

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how do we scrape for sarcoptes

scrape deep on edge of lesions, 8-10 pigs (chronically infected)

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sites of chronic mange

hind legs, cranial aspect
hips
armpits
neck (dorsal and ventral)/ upper arm
ears

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sarcoptes scabiei control

ivermectin / doramectin (only two drugs approved) - injection or in feed
prefarrowing: prevent transmission to newborn piglets
raise piglets in all-in all-out system
if continuous grower-finisher facility: ivermectin in feed for 5 days

> NOTE: topical compounds approved but not as effective

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sarcoptes scabiei eradication and drug withdrawl time

ivermectin, doramectin
1. treat all animals at once and repeat 10-14 days later
2. withdrawl time: 28d ivermectin, 62d doramectin
3. underdosing or missing a pig is a concern
4. avoid reinfection (biosecurity)

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why do we have to repeat treatment for sarcoptes after 10-14 days?

because 1st treatment does not kill eggs
repeat before new egg-laying adults appear

what is pediculosis

infection / disease due to louse infestation
>typically a group problem
> species specific

what is haematopinus suis?

large black sucking louse

what is the life cycle of haematopinus suis? where do they usually inhabit?

host specific, life cycle = 23 -30 days
eggs hatch in 12 - 15 days
generally located on ears and inside of legs
rare (in commercial pigs. common in potbelly pigs)

pediculosis clinical signs

-scratching and rubbing
- unthrifty and pale pigs

pathogenesis of pediculosis with haematopinus suis? what do they trasmit?

penetrating mouth parts (sucking louse)
heavy infestation in young piglets > anemia
transmit:
> swine pox virus
>mycoplasma suis / eperythrozoon suis

pediculosis diagnosis

lesions of hair loss <> rubbing
unthrifty pale pigs
lice and eggs attached to hair shafts
punctate cutaneous lesions

pediculosis control

topical pyrethrin, oral / injectable macrocyclic lactone
repeat treatment 16-18 days later
> treat whole group of pigs, not just itchy pigs

what is the most important parasite of swine? how widespread?

ascaris suum > essentially on every farm

what ascaris suum? where can it be found? how does it survive in the environment? is control needed?

-roundworm of pigs -found in feces / vomit - prolific egg producer >resistant to environment / disinfection and long lived (greater than 4 years) - risk of infection can rarely be eliminated - control program necessary on all farms >largest burdens in indoor pigs > eggs last longer

ascaris suum transmission and immunity? when do we see clinical ascariasis?

transmission: - ingestion of larvated eggs - protective immunity develops slowly > only young seriously affected (immunity increases at 4-5 months) > sows contaminate environment - clinical ascariasis <> poor management - the younger infected, the greater the production impact

what is ascariasis

infection and **disease** due to roundworms

impact of ascaris suum? when is it greatest? common lesion?

- seldom overt clinical signs - decreased rate of gain and feed efficiency - parasites gained during suckling period > greatest impact on groth - hepatic migration > "milk spot liver" > liver condemnation

larval migration of ascaris suum and result

gut > liver > lung > coughed up and swallowed - can lead to the milk spot liver lesions

ascaris suum diagnosis

- usually large number of eggs in feces of clinically affected animals

impact of ascaris suum on other species (eg. cattle, sheep)

- migrate but do not normally mature in small intestine - pulmonary involvement > dyspnea, fever, anorexia

how long can ascaris suum eggs remain infective in the environment?

- eggs can remain infective in environment for 6-7 years

ascaris suum principles of control

control (necessary on all farms): minimise exposure of piglets to infective eggs 1. deworm sows prior to placing in farrowing crate 2. all-in / all-out farrowing 3. thoroughly clean between litters 4. deworm pigs at least once during early growing period (eg. in feed)

what is trichuris suis? how big is it and where does it live?

-whipworm of pigs - adult female ~6-8 cm long - cecum, colon > mucofibrinous typhlocolitis

how long do trichuris suis eggs remain infective in the environment?

greater than 6 years

trichuris suis clinical signs

- diarrhea / dysentery in grower-finisher pigs >frank blood > anorexia, decreased weight - mortality rates can be high - low burdens = subclinical

what is a major contributor to trichuris suis infection?

- poor hygiene > eggs building up to significant numbers

what is a one of the first signs that will put trichuris suis on your radar?

non-responsive to antibiotics > first rule-outs to symptoms are bacteria, which are far more common

trichuris suis diagnosis? concurrent infections?

- fecal examination - presence of parasites at PM - concurrent infection > swine dysentery > salmonellosis > lawsonia

trichuris suis control

- good sanitation - deworming program includes: fenbendazole - note: ivermectin and doramectin have poor efficacy

Case study: * 200 sow, farrow to finish. * Sows are dewormed at weaning with ivermectin. * Pigs are dewormed at 20‐25 kg with pyrantel in the feed. * Farrowing crates washed and disinfected regularly. Other pens are washed every few months. * Severe ascariasis problem in the finishing unit. * The 2 anthelmintics used are efficacious and were used at the right dosage Give 2 reasons that could explain the ascariasis problem.

1. sows should be dewormed before farrowing, not at weaning 2. finishing pens were not washed and disinfected between batches of pigs