Swine 13 Flashcards
Pyelonephritis affects sows how?
n A very common cause of sow death
Pyelonephritis; pathogens, where they come from
Wide variety of bacteria, most associated with manure
> Leptospirosis, or fecal source of bacteria such as E coli, Actinobaculum suis (sheath of boars)
Pyelonephritis Transmisson and herd spread
moves between sows via urine, dirty environment, venereal spread
Pyelonephritis clinical signs
n thin sows
n +/- anorexic
n strain to urinate
n blood (+ mucus) on floor (usually indicates cystitis)
Pyelonephritis -
prevention and control:
- Water access important
> flow: 1 litre/minute, check regularly, drinkers break frequently - Parenteral antibiotics to affected sows
> tetracycline are usual choices - Clean environment – behind sows
Vaginal discharge syndrome Clinical signs? when they occur?
- May present as an “outbreak” of a large number of open sows (Not-in-pig; NIP)
- Repeat breedings
- +/- sow mortality
- Purulent vaginal discharge
> 15 - 25 days post breeding
> Offensive odour
Vaginal discharge syndrome
Control
- Cull affected sows
> i.e., that ‘repeat’ or have discharge - Purchase clean gilts & boars
- AI with purchased semen
> Review AI procedure
> Avoid breeding late estrous - Cull contaminated boars
- Medicated feed if herd problem (tetracycline)
- Clean and disinfect barn
Zearalenone toxicity Fungal source
Fusarium graminearum
Zearalenone toxicity clinical effects
- Estrogenic
- Vulvovaginitis
- Vaginal and rectal prolapse
zearalenone toxicity common complaint
Common scenario is complaint that gilts look to be in heat but won’t stand to be bred.
oxytocin effect on breeding? what can go wrong?
reduce Farrowing duration
- Increased stillbirth if dosage too high
- Aggitated sow if dosage is too high
- Increased stillbirths if given before cervix is fully dilated
Prosteglandin effect on breeding? drawbacks?
induce partuition
- Piglets born < 113 d gestation may be small and weak
- Prostaglandins will induce abortion
PG600 (eCG & hCG) effect on breeding? uses and things to watch for?
induce puberty
- Useful for inducing a group of gilts to begin cycling together
- If a gilt has already reached puberty and has started to cycle, then PG600 will not have an effect
> Does not make up for lack of observation
Regu-Mate (altrenogest) effect on breeding? drawbacks? route of admin?
stop the estrous cycle to synchronize breeding
- Under-dosing will cause cystic ovaries
- Oral product
> Need to ensure each gilt receives full dose
Swine Erysipelas (SE) is caused by what bacteria? is it G+/-? is it common?
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
- Gram-positive bacteria
- Assume it is in all pig barns!
Erysipelas: how many serovars? which are problematic? how is it carried?
- About 26 different serovars
- 80% of swine serovars are 1 & 2
- Other serovars of questionable significance in swine
- 30-50% of healthy swine are carriers (tonsils, lymph)
- Also isolated from sheep, turkeys, fish
Erysipelas: issues for people
Potential zoonosis – causes “erysipeloid” skin lesion
* meat, leather, rendering plant workers, vets
Erysipelas survival in environment and susceptibility? how is it shed?
Survival in environment:
* Resistant to drying
* Susceptible to common disinfectants
* Remains viable for months in animal tissues
* Acutely infected swine shed profusely
Erysipelas - which age groups are susceptible? what type of immunity is protective? other issues?
- Passive antibody is protective and may interfere with vaccine-induced active immunity
> i.e. maternal antibody interference - All age groups are susceptible
Erysipelas - Pathogenesis, incubation
- Usually ingestion of contaminated feed/water, short incubation (~36hrs)
> environment, feed/water, skin wounds, or Mr. Tonsil (again!) - Swelling of endothelium, adherence of monocytes
- Systemic vasculitis (enzyme neuramidase may cause vascular damage)
- Fibrinous thrombosis & necrosis
From here, can:
> Localization in: Skin, Joints, Heart
> Septicemia: peracute death
Erysipelas – Pathology
- Vasculitis, thrombosis & necrotizing dermatitis
- Chronic valvular endocarditis
- Chronic fibrosing, non-suppurative arthritis of major joints with villonodular hypertrophy
- Destruction of articular cartilage in chronic arthritis
- Lesions of a septicemia in parenchymal organs
§ Petechial & ecchymotic haemorrhages on epicardium
§ Spleen – enlarged & congested
§ Kidney – petechial hemorrhages
Erysipelas – Clinical Signs, acute (septicemia)
Acute (Septicemia):
* Often starts with peracute deaths – deaths rare in NA
* Pyrexia: Temp 41°- 42.5°C, anorexia
* Depressed, reluctant to move, shifting weight leg-leg
* Diamond Skin Disease:
– Localized hyperemia > edema > piloerection > cyanosis > ischemic necrosis
* Severe: widespread ischemic necrosis (eg. of tail, scrotum, etc)
* Commonly seen in pregnant sows before farrowing – stress suspected
skin lesions caused by acute erysipelas
Diffuse skin lesions, some of which should be diamond shape.
Erysipelas – chronic disease processes
Chronic (Endocarditis):
* Begins with vasculitis & myocardial infarcts
* Bacterial emboli, fibrin deposition leads to destruction of valvular endocardium
* Vegetative valvular endocarditis
Chronic (Arthritis):
* Begins as acute synovitis within 4-10 days
* Fibrinous exudation, synovial proliferation, fibrosis & destruction of articular cartilage within 3-8 mo
* Weight bearing to non-weight bearing lameness depending on severity
