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3. Food Animal > Swine 14 > Flashcards

Swine 14 Flashcards

1
Q

What are major areas of concern for the Canadian swine industry in the event of an outbreak of foreign animal disease?

A

n Economics
> Shut down exports – 50% of production exported
n Restrict farm-to-farm movement
> Multi-site production, pig flow affected
n Disposal of carcasses
n Mental health

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2
Q

What major foreign animal disease(s) is/are the “most likely” to occur in the Canadian pig population?

A
  • pseudorabies
  • foot and mouth disease
  • hog cholera
  • african swine fever
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3
Q

Pseudorabies (Aujeszky’s Disease) is caused by what virus?

A

Pseudorabies virus
> suid herpesvirus 1 (suHV-1)

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4
Q

Pseudorabies (Aujeszky’s Disease) - persists in the host in what state, leading to what?

A
  • can persist in latent state
  • resulting in carrier animals and subclinical infections
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5
Q

Pseudorabies (Aujeszky’s Disease) survival in environment, susceptibility

A

Moderately resistant outside of the host
- Probably doesn’t survive much longer than 2 weeks outside of host
- Can be destroyed by disinfectants

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6
Q

can we distinguish pseudorabies titer from natural infection?

A

Marker vaccines make it possible to distinguish vaccine titres from natural virus antibody levels

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7
Q

Pseudorabies pathogenesis? predilection sites?

A

Pathogenesis: varies depending on the viral strain, age of pig, and viral load
- Inhalation or ingestion
> Replicates in upper respiratory tract epithelium
- Spreads to LN then, CNS: spinal cord and brain
> Localizes in many areas forms intranuclear inclusion bodies
- Localizes in Tonsil primary site
- Causes inflammation and necrosis of tissue
- Respiratory tract, bronchial tree, alveoli, endometritis, vaginitis, necrotic placentitis, fetus
()()()()
epithelial cells of upper resp tract > lymph vessles
> tonsil and local lymph nodes, then possibilities:

  1. > neurons innervating the facial and oropharyngeal area
    -olfactory
    -trigeminal
    -glossopharyngeal
    replication of PRV in the central nervous system is characterized by nonsupprative meningoencephalitis causing severe central nervous disorders
    further spread to different neurons
    latent infectin of neurons
  2. > viremia
    dissemination to multiple organs
    replication in epithelia, vascular endothelium, lymphocytes, and macrophages
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8
Q

what happens when Pseydorabies gets into the central nervous system? what lesions do we see?

A

eplication of PRV in the central nervous system is characterized by nonsupprative meningoencephalitis causing severe central nervous disorders

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9
Q

Pseudorabies (Aujeszky’s Disease) is excreted how? for how long?

A

Excreted in large numbers in saliva, nasal secretions, urine and feces (for up to 2 weeks)

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10
Q

Pseudorabies (Aujeszky’s Disease) persists where in the pig?

A

n Persists in tonsil for several weeks
n Latent in CNS for many months

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11
Q

Pseudorabies (Aujeszky’s Disease): non-swine dead-end hosts; what animals, what signs? what countries

A

– causes fatal neurologic disease (rabies-like signs) and severe itching (mad-itch)
> Dogs, cats, cattle mice, racoons, mink, foxes….
> Found in most countries except: Canada, Greenland, Australia.
> USA – eradicated from commercial herds 2004

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12
Q

Pseudorabies (Aujeszky’s Disease) transmission

A
  • Highly contagious, spreads through herd rapidly
  • Mainly spread through respiratory route, oral-nasal
    > pig-to-pig via oral and nasal secretions
  • Also, transplacental, milk, vaginal mucosa, semen
  • Possibly airborne
  • Fomites
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13
Q

Pseudorabies: clinical signs are variable, what do they depend on?

A
  • Three ‘overlapping’ syndromes
  • Age-dependant
  • Infectious dose and strain dependant
    > CNS, respiratory and reproductive
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14
Q

Pseudorabies: clinical signs in neonates. when do we see them? what are they? what about in weaned pigs?

A

NEONATES:
- Ill within 2-4 days after exposure
> High mortality ~100% usually within 1-3 days
> Sometimes sudden death
- Listless, anorexic, and pyrexia
- Neurological signs
> depression, tremors, convulsions, incoordination, dog-sitting posture, coma and death

Weaned pigs:
- Similar signs but mortality is usually much lower

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15
Q

Pseudorabies: clinical signs in gow-finish pigs:

A
  • Primarily respiratory signs
    > Coughing, sneezing, nasal discharge
    > Loss of body condition
  • Pyrexia, anorexia, depression
  • +/- CNS signs: tremors, convulsions
  • High morbidity and low mortality
    > many recover in 7-10 days
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16
Q

Pseudorabies: clinical signs in adult swine

A
  • Pyrexia, anorexia
  • Respiratory signs
    > sneezing and coughing and laboured breathing
  • Most recover
  • Abortions, returns, stillbirths, weak pigs
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17
Q

Pseudorabies in non-swine species: who is susceptible/ clinical signs?

A
  • Dead-end hosts
    > All livestock mammals, and cats, dogs, raccoons, skunks
  • Infected animals die within 1 to 2 days
    before shedding virus – always fatal
  • Intense pruritis (mad itch)
  • Neurological signs (rabies-like)
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18
Q

psudorabies gross lesions and histology

A

Gross lesions:
- fibrinonecrotic rhinitis / severe necrotizing rhinitis
- necrotic tonsillitis
- foci of necrosis in liver (neonate), spleen, lung
- aborted fetuses
> microscopic lesions in nervous tissue

Histology:
- intranuclear inclusion bodies

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19
Q

Pseudorabies; diagnosis and control

A
  • History: including death of cats and dogs, high mortality in neonates, abortions, neurologic signs
  • Many tests: FA, IHC, PCR, HISTOLOGY
  • Eradication in U.S. (2004)
    > DIVA Vaccine (gene-deleted)
    > Vaccine highly efficacious
  • No treatment
  • Inform CFIA of suspected cases – REPORTABLE!!
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20
Q

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD); caused by what type of virus? strains?

A
  • Picornaviridae
  • Many strains - differ antigenically, limited cross protection
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21
Q

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) transmission

A
  • Transmitted through respiratory droplets and nose-to-nose contact
    > 50km aerosol
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22
Q

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) affects what type of animals?

A

Affects most ruminants and pigs (cloven-hooved animals)
- Horses resistant

23
Q

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD); does it infect many species? how contagious? how well does it survive in the environment?

A

Multi species – HIGHLY contagious. VERY RESISTANT TO DISINFECTANTS, SURVIVES IN ENVIRO FOR LONG TIME

24
Q

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) last outbreak in canada? how costly?

A

Last outbreak in Canada: Saskatchewan 1951-1952
>25 farms affectd, 6.6 billion in todays dollars lost

25
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD); pigs vs ruminants infectious dose for oral route? are pigs susceptible to airborne route?
Pigs - Lower infectious dose for oral route of exposure relative to ruminant - Relatively resistant to airborne infection
26
how much FMD does an infected pig vs ruminant excrete into the air per day?
- Infectious pig = 400M infectious doses/day - Infectious ruminant = 120K infectious doses/day
27
carrier stage of FMD is how long for pigs? (and cattle, small rum)
Pigs = 28 days -Cattle – up to 3.5 years -Small ruminants up to 9 months
28
FMD incubation
n 2-14 days
29
FMD clinical signs in pigs
- Acute lameness - often first sign noticed > 1-5 days after infection - Pyrexia – slobbering, salivating and chomping - Start as small, blanched foci in skin vesicles on lips and tongue, teats, and udder - High morbidity, mortality ~5% but higher in younger piglets
30
FMD in piglets: what are the signs?
- Vesicles similar to sows - High mortality - Vesicles at coronary bands, hooves may fall off
31
what would happen if an FMD outbreak occurred?
- Humane destruction of all infected and exposed animals - Tracing to identify locations of potentially infected or exposed animals - Quarantine – and restricted movements - Zoning to define infected and disease-free areas
32
vesicular diseases
-Foot-and-Mouth Disease -Swine Vesicular Disease -Seneca Virus A -Vesicular Stomatitis -Vesicular Exanthema
33
Changing trends in FAD investigations - why?
way more investigations in recent years ~2017 onwards -FAD confirmed cases increased in 2014, 2015... so investigations increased
34
proportion on foreign animal disease investigations due to vesicular conditions in 2012, and 2018
2012: 81% >mostly equids, then bovids... 2018: 83% >92% of these due to pigs!
35
hog cholera is caused by what virus? virulence varies how? eradicated where and when?
Pestivirus - Strains vary in virulence - Eradicated from USA in 1970’s
36
clinical signs of hog cholera
Clinical Signs (varies with virulence of virus) 1. Lethargic, **depressed**, appear chilled 2. **High fever**, conjunctivitis, +/- constipation 3. Severe watery **diarrhea, vomiting** 4. Gaunt, weak, posterior paresis, **cyanosis** 5. Sudden outbreak of **high mortality** 6. Clinical signs include fever, lethargy, **cyanotic extremities**
37
hog cholera lesions
- button ulcers in cecum enlarged spleen with infarction of the spleen - “turkey egg kidneys” > Petchechia (hemorrhages) in kidney and lymph nodes
38
African Swine Fever is what type of virus? transmitted how? is it contagious?
n Asfarviridae n Enveloped DNA virus n Transmitted by arthropods n Highly contagious viral disease of swine
39
is ASF virulence always the same?
isolates vary in virulence n High: up to 100% mortality n Low: seroconversion
40
ASF: how well does it survive in the environment? what is it susceptible to? who does it affect?
n Highly resistant n Killed by high temperatures and some disinfectants n Affects domestic and wild pigs n May be asymptomatic in wild pigs
41
ASF treatment and control
No treatment, no vaccine! - FDA vaccine press release Oct 1, 2021
42
ASF history
n Kenya early 1900s n Spread to Europe n Vector identified/described 1963 n Emergence in western hemisphere 1971 (Cuba) n Recent outbreaks: > Africa, Russia, Western Europe, China 2018, Belgium 2018, Dominical Republic 2021!!
43
ASF Transmission
- Direct contact > Usually oronasal secretions - Indirect > Uncooked garbage, fomites, bite of infected tick, biting insects - Is found in all tissues and body fluids - Incubation thought to be 5 to 19 days
44
ASF clinical signs of acute disease and incubation
Acute disease - Incubation 5-19 days, but can be < 5 days after exposure to tick - Pyrexia, anorexia, erythema, cyanosis - Recumbency - Bloody diarrhea - Abortion - Sudden death
45
ASF clinical signs of chronic disease
Chronic disease n Multi-focal erythema > Ears, abdomen > Raised or necrotic areas n Low fever n Painless joint swelling n Emaciation n Death
46
ASF Post mortem lesions
Highly variable lesions but, most common are: Hemorrhagic - Spleen > Enlarged > Friable > Dark red, black - Lymph nodes - Kidneys - Heart
47
ASF - Differential Diagnosis
n Classical swine fever – clinically indistinguishable n Acute PRRS n Porcine Dermatopathy and nephropathy syndrome n Erysipelas n Salmonellosis n Actinobacillosis n Glasser’s disease n Pseudorabies n .........warfarin poisoning, heavy metal toxicosis, thrombocytopenia, generalized septicemic or hemorrhagic conditions
48
do zoonotic swine diseases commonly cause problems in north america?
Many POTENTIAL pathogens - In North America most agents: > Not present or very rarely cause problems > However, may be of importance to young children, those with compromised immune systems
49
notable zoonotic diseases of swine
Leptospira pomona Strep. suis type 2 Toxoplasma gondii Salmonella spp Others...
50
Leptospira pomona is transmitted to humans how? what would it do to a human? how can we avoid catching this from swine?
* Transmitted by urine and infected water * Bacterial contact with mucus membranes, skin, eyes * Leptospirosis in human – Splenomegaly, hepatitis, nephritis Recommendations 1. Vaccinate sows against Lepto 2. Use gloves when assisting with dystocia
51
Strep. suis type 2 - is this a common disease in pigs? what can it do to people? how common is it for people and who?
* Widespread among pig population * Septicemia, meningitis, balance disorders, hearing loss in people * Occupational disease: about 100 cases/yr * Low infectivity * Most common in abattoir workers and in people in developing countries eating pigs with clinical signs of Strep suis
52
how do people get toxoplasma gondii from swine? is it common in ontario? how to control?
* Infection via undercooked/uncooked meat * Cats excrete oocysts in feces * Pigs become infected by consuming oocysts * Low prevalence in Ontario herds (1%) and Ontario pigs (0.1%) * Persist in tissues of pigs for long periods – High prevalence in sows in positive herds * Control measures - cat & rodent control
53
how to avoid salmonella issues from swine to people
* Food-borne human health risk * Farm-to-fork continuum * Control at abattoir and in kitchen * Improved hygiene and management

3. Food Animal (22 decks)

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