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3. Food Animal > Swine 4 > Flashcards

Swine 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Nursery pigs
Requirements; temp, water, feed, space, etc

A
  • Warm room temperature: 30oC, hot yoga!!
  • Water: 1 per 10 pigs
  • Highly digestible feed
  • Feeder space: 1 per 5 pigs
  • Feed presentation - feed all at once first 3 days after weaning
  • Clean, clean, clean environment
  • Did I mention clean?
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2
Q

nursery pigs
Performance targets; mortality and growth rate

A
  • Mortality <2-3%
  • Growth rate increases as pigs get older
  • ~5kg to 25-30 kg
  • 21 days of age when enter and spend ~7 weeks in nursery

age 21d: 5-6kg
age 55d: 18-25/30kg; ADG 740-750g

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3
Q

questionable behaviours of nursery pigs

A

belly nosing
ear biting (hematomas)
fighting
tail biting

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4
Q

Nursery pig diseases

A
  • Staphlyococcus hyicus
    > Greasy pig disease
  • Streptococcus suis
    > Streptococcal meningitis
  • Haemophilus parasuis
    > Glasser’s disease
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5
Q

Exudative Epidermatitis (Greasy Pig); what is it, what is the causative agent?

A
  • Generalized or focal dermatitis of young piglets
  • Etiology: Staphylococcus hyicus (opportunist)
  • Certain strains of S. hyicus produce an exfoliative exotoxin that target stratum granulosum
  • +/- Staphylococcus aureus
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6
Q

normal habitat of staphylococcus hyicus

A
  • Normal flora of skin, vagina, preputial diverticulum
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7
Q

are the exfoliative exotoxins of S. aureus and S. hyicus zoonotic or species specific?

A
  • Exfoliative exotoxins of: S. aureus (humans) & S. hyicus (pigs) are species specific
  • S. hyicus is not zoonotic
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8
Q

when in the life of a pig might exudative dermatitis appear? what develops with age? how many pigs are generally infected?

A
  • Infection can occur at birth, or subsequent
  • Affects pigs from a few days of age to about 8 weeks of age
  • Pigs develop resistance to infection with age
  • Generally individual pigs
  • Outbreaks in gilt/start-up herds can occur
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9
Q

what provide the opportunity for S. hyicus enter & colonize the skin

A

Abrasions & skin wounds

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10
Q

Exudative Epidermatitis (Greasy pig) - Pathogenesis, transmission

A
  • Vertical transmission within 24 hours of birth
  • Horizontal transmission pig-to-pig
  • Initial skin lesions are likely toxin mediated
  • Desmosome lysis and focal erosions (stratum granulosum) leading to pustules laden with bacteria
  • Suppurative folliculitis, cracks, fissures
  • Sebaceous glands secret excessive amounts of sebaceous, greasy exudate
  • +/-systemic effects – dehydration, loss of serum proteins and electrolytes
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11
Q

does S. hyicus persist in the environment?

A
  • Hardy organism and may persist in facilities * Especially if: poor hygiene and high humidity
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12
Q

what feature of piglets can contribute to problems with exudative dermatitis?

A

Pigs with needle teeth will cut littermate’s face(s) when they compete for a nipple

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13
Q

Exudative Epidermatitis (Greasy Pig) – Clinical signs in suckling piglets

A
  • Listless, anorexia early warning sign
  • Lesions usually begin, brownish spots 1-2 cm in diameter on the face
  • Some may resolve with no treatment but,
    –Acute generalized infection can occur
    –Morbidity high, case fatality rate high

1: Very early and mild dermatitis on the shoulder & ears piglet that will likely be self limiting.
2: Severe but localized dermatitis on the hind feet of pig and,
3: on the face of pig. Note the sebaceous
secretion (greasy appearance) of the hair of pig below.

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14
Q

Exudative Epidermatitis (Greasy Pig) – Clinical signs; Nursery pigs & older swine:

A

–Localized, focal & discrete lesions
–Typically, self-limiting
–May have decreased ADG

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15
Q

Exudative Epidermatitis (Greasy Pig) – Diagnosis

A
  • Clinical signs
  • Submit untreated pig (skin swab) for culture and sensitivity
  • +/-histopathology
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16
Q

Exudative Epidermatitis (Greasy Pig) – Treatment

A

Topical and systemic
a) Parenteral antibiotics
* Penicillin (seeing resistance developing), trimethoprim sulfa, ceftiofur, lincomycin – based on sensitivity
b) Antibiogram monitoring
c) **Skin antiseptics, shampoos, sprays

Topical antibiotic +/- steroid + mineral oil
1. ELDU - Mix a tube of dry cow treatment with a litre of mineral oil and spray onto the pigs
PLUS
2. Systemic antibiotics (listed above) (IM) based on sensitivity results

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17
Q

Exudative Epidermatitis (Greasy Pig) – Control

A
  • Prevent trauma to the skin & improve hygiene
  • **Clip needle teeth – see Code
  • Reduce fighting
    > Minimize mixing (and mixing frequency) of pigs, appropriate stocking density, AIAO
  • Reduce humidity in nursery barn
    > ***Add heat to the room
    -> This will increase the number of air exchanges in the room and help remove moisture from the room
  • Autogenous vaccines rarely beneficial
18
Q

Notable notes re:
Teeth clipping; is it routine? why? how does this relate to greasy pig?

A
  • Not routinely done in large commercial herds anymore
    > Time, cost
    > Joint infections
  • Manage localized greasy pig disease
    > If happens too late to clip teeth
  • Do see generalized greasy pig
  • Code of practice – evaluate if required
19
Q

Streptococcus suis infections in swine; what precipitates this disease?

A
  • Stress precipitated disease
    > Pre-existing diseases
20
Q

streptococcus suis; number of serotypes? what determines virulence? most common, zoonotic potential?

A
  • About 35 serotypes identified, based on capsular proteins
  • Virulence associated with serotype
  • Type 2 is most common and is also
    zoonotic
21
Q

what proportion of sows carry strep suis?

A
  • Carrier state near 100% in sows
22
Q

Strep. suis – Public Health considerations for people

A

Zoonosis - rare but severe disease
* Mostly type 2
* Meningitis, septicemia, endocarditis, cellulitis, arthritis
* Deafness in 50-65% of meningitis cases
* 20% case-fatality in 2005 Chinese outbreak

  • Most patients have contact with pigs
  • Entry through skin wounds
  • Washing hands is effective
23
Q

Strep. suis – Epidemiology; where is it typically found? how does it survive in the environment?

A
  • Normal inhabitant and early colonizer of upper
    respiratory tract (URT)
  • Isolated from genital (female) and alimentary tracts
  • Potential reservoirs/vectors include many other domestic species (?)
  • Example: Cattle, sheep goats, horses etc.
  • Lengthy survival in the environment
  • Example: manure > 100 days
  • Multiple serotypes &/or strains may
    be present on a farm
  • Virulence varies with serotype
24
Q

Strep. suis – Transmission

A

Sow-piglet:
* Via genital tract during parturition
* Via respiratory & alimentary routes during lactation

Pig-pig: nurseries and beyond
* Onset of disease typically 5-10 wks of age (nursery & grower)

25
Strep. suis – Clinical signs; peracute
Found dead in good condition
26
Strep. suis – Clinical signs; acute
* High fever >40C, septicemia, lateral recumbency, paddling * Polyserositis/polyarthritis > Swollen joints, lame * Meningitis > Ataxia, opisthotonus, incoordination, tremors, convulsions * +/- Pneumonia * Morbidity and mortality varies and is dependent on early identification and treatment efficacy/choices
27
Strep. suis – Clinical signs; chronic
* Arthritis * Valvular endocarditis * Bronchopneumonia * Pleural adhesions
28
Strep suis – pathogenesis/pathology
Sepsis * Invasion of Mr. tonsil and/or nasal cavities * Ineffective humoral immunity > Ss associates with blood monocytes > Encapsulated Ss resists phagocytic killing * Bacteremia > localization or: * Release of inflammatory cytokines > TNF, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8 * Septic shock, peracute death Meningitis * Invade endothelial cells of blood-brain-barrier (BBB) * Induce local inflammation > cytokine production > increased permeability of BBB
29
Strep suis – diagnosis
* Clinical signs and response to treatment > Numerous clinical signs but convulsions is most suggestive * Culture and serotyping (brain, ventral brain, joints) > Cloudy meninges > Impression smear or culture of meninges * Polyserositis: often see obvious sheets of fibrin * Excessive amounts of pericardial fluid > Vegetative endocarditis – can be small and difficult to see
30
Strep suis – treatment
* Parenteral anti-inflammatories: for acutely convulsing animals > Predef (isoflupredon), dexamethasone * Isolate individual animals: provide extra heat, hand feed electrolytes * Parenteral antimicrobials: for individual animals > Penicillin (high dose), ceftiofur, trimethoprim sulfa > Most strains are resistant to tetracyclines * Prompt recognition and treatment is important! > Euthanasia if not identified early or no response to treatment
31
Strep suis - Prevention (and when should we focus on this)
Especially if >8-10% of pigs affected or if is a common problem 1. Mass antimicrobial medication * Strategic prophylaxis in water and/or feed * Penicillin G most common 2. Control precipitating stress factors * Overcrowding, ventilation, sanitation, temperature (not-too-hot, not-too-cold, just right), ages and frequent mixing 3. Vaccination (generally ineffective) – Vaccine must be serotype (capsule) specific – Commercial & autogenous are available but generally do not produce sufficient serum IgG – Multiple injections (4-6 per pig) are required 4. Control other diseases Especially........PRRS!
32
Glaesserella (Haemophilus) parasuis - causes what disease?
* Glasser’s Disease * Porcine polyserositis & arthritis
33
Glaesserella (Haemophilus) parasuis; what is it, where is it found, when is it a problem? what type of outbreaks?
Porcine polyserositis & arthritis * Ubiquitous, common inhabitant of nasopharynx in healthy pigs * Stress (mixing, weaning) compromises immune status * Can cause acute, explosive outbreaks in naïve farms * Gram negative rod, partial to poor cross protection, endemic in many herds
34
Glaesserella (Haemophilus) parasuis - how many serotypes?
* ~15 serotypes: 4, 5, 13, 14 (& un-typables) most common in N.A.
35
Glasser’s – Clinical signs; peracute, acute, and chronic
Peracute: * Sudden death Acute: * Convulsions, recumbency, tremors * Joint swelling & pain – lameness > Sometimes first clinical sign noticed * High fever: 40.5° - 42°C * Anorexia, depression, cyanosis of extremities, edema Chronic: * Lameness, coughing, dyspnea, weight loss
36
Glasser’s – Clinical signs What differential(s) are you thinking about?
* Multisystemic nature * Numerous other causes of sudden death, respiratory disease, lameness, sepsis * Strep suis top differential
37
Glasser’s - Pathogenesis
* Early colonizer of nasal cavity of healthy pigs (non- pathogenic strains – commensal flora) * Ultra short incubation (12-24 hrs PI) following infection with virulent strain * Partial to poor cross protection among serotypes * Vasculitis, epithelial invasion, bacteria has predilection for leptomeninges and brain * Purulent rhinitis & septicemia -Fibrinosuppurative polyserositis -DIC (if peracute)
38
Glasser’s - Pathology (PM)
Typically, gross lesions are spectacular! * Fibrinosuppurative exudates > “Bread & Butter lesions” * Single or multiple serosal surfaces affected: * peritoneum * pericardium * pleura * articular surfaces * meninges
39
Glasser’s - Diagnosis
Clinical signs & gross pathology: * Sheets of fibrin * Fibrinosuppurative exudate - abdomen, thorax, pericardial sac, joints & brain Culture bacteria: * Confirm with culture but can be difficult/slow - Takes many days due to fastidious nature of bacteria > Impossible in treated animals > Submit untreated pigs
40
Glasser’s - Treatment
Antimicrobial treatment * Resistance patterns changing but generally sensitive to B-lactams, tetracyclines, trimethoprim sulfa * Parenteral (sick individuals) > Early treatment essential, prognosis moderate * Mass: water or feed – prophylactic to groups of pigs > Must ensure adequate daily intake of meds > Feed and water intake may be variable if pigs are severely affected or lame
41
Glasser’s – Control
Vaccination * Vaccinate naïve animals before mixing with positive pigs > Vaccines must have correct serotypes – cross protection among serotypes is typically poor and serotypes vary in commercial products > Autogenous vaccines are often used - Can include serotypes of importance -Control PRRS and other virus infections -Reduce stress – minimize mixing

3. Food Animal (22 decks)

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