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3. Food Animal > Swine 4 > Flashcards

Swine 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Nursery pigs
Requirements; temp, water, feed, space, etc

A
  • Warm room temperature: 30oC, hot yoga!!
  • Water: 1 per 10 pigs
  • Highly digestible feed
  • Feeder space: 1 per 5 pigs
  • Feed presentation - feed all at once first 3 days after weaning
  • Clean, clean, clean environment
  • Did I mention clean?
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2
Q

nursery pigs
Performance targets; mortality and growth rate

A
  • Mortality <2-3%
  • Growth rate increases as pigs get older
  • ~5kg to 25-30 kg
  • 21 days of age when enter and spend ~7 weeks in nursery

age 21d: 5-6kg
age 55d: 18-25/30kg; ADG 740-750g

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3
Q

questionable behaviours of nursery pigs

A

belly nosing
ear biting (hematomas)
fighting
tail biting

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4
Q

Nursery pig diseases

A
  • Staphlyococcus hyicus
    > Greasy pig disease
  • Streptococcus suis
    > Streptococcal meningitis
  • Haemophilus parasuis
    > Glasser’s disease
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5
Q

Exudative Epidermatitis (Greasy Pig); what is it, what is the causative agent?

A
  • Generalized or focal dermatitis of young piglets
  • Etiology: Staphylococcus hyicus (opportunist)
  • Certain strains of S. hyicus produce an exfoliative exotoxin that target stratum granulosum
  • +/- Staphylococcus aureus
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6
Q

normal habitat of staphylococcus hyicus

A
  • Normal flora of skin, vagina, preputial diverticulum
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7
Q

are the exfoliative exotoxins of S. aureus and S. hyicus zoonotic or species specific?

A
  • Exfoliative exotoxins of: S. aureus (humans) & S. hyicus (pigs) are species specific
  • S. hyicus is not zoonotic
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8
Q

when in the life of a pig might exudative dermatitis appear? what develops with age? how many pigs are generally infected?

A
  • Infection can occur at birth, or subsequent
  • Affects pigs from a few days of age to about 8 weeks of age
  • Pigs develop resistance to infection with age
  • Generally individual pigs
  • Outbreaks in gilt/start-up herds can occur
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9
Q

what provide the opportunity for S. hyicus enter & colonize the skin

A

Abrasions & skin wounds

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10
Q

Exudative Epidermatitis (Greasy pig) - Pathogenesis, transmission

A
  • Vertical transmission within 24 hours of birth
  • Horizontal transmission pig-to-pig
  • Initial skin lesions are likely toxin mediated
  • Desmosome lysis and focal erosions (stratum granulosum) leading to pustules laden with bacteria
  • Suppurative folliculitis, cracks, fissures
  • Sebaceous glands secret excessive amounts of sebaceous, greasy exudate
  • +/-systemic effects – dehydration, loss of serum proteins and electrolytes
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11
Q

does S. hyicus persist in the environment?

A
  • Hardy organism and may persist in facilities * Especially if: poor hygiene and high humidity
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12
Q

what feature of piglets can contribute to problems with exudative dermatitis?

A

Pigs with needle teeth will cut littermate’s face(s) when they compete for a nipple

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13
Q

Exudative Epidermatitis (Greasy Pig) – Clinical signs in suckling piglets

A
  • Listless, anorexia early warning sign
  • Lesions usually begin, brownish spots 1-2 cm in diameter on the face
  • Some may resolve with no treatment but,
    –Acute generalized infection can occur
    –Morbidity high, case fatality rate high

1: Very early and mild dermatitis on the shoulder & ears piglet that will likely be self limiting.
2: Severe but localized dermatitis on the hind feet of pig and,
3: on the face of pig. Note the sebaceous
secretion (greasy appearance) of the hair of pig below.

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14
Q

Exudative Epidermatitis (Greasy Pig) – Clinical signs; Nursery pigs & older swine:

A

–Localized, focal & discrete lesions
–Typically, self-limiting
–May have decreased ADG

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15
Q

Exudative Epidermatitis (Greasy Pig) – Diagnosis

A
  • Clinical signs
  • Submit untreated pig (skin swab) for culture and sensitivity
  • +/-histopathology
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16
Q

Exudative Epidermatitis (Greasy Pig) – Treatment

A

Topical and systemic
a) Parenteral antibiotics
* Penicillin (seeing resistance developing), trimethoprim sulfa, ceftiofur, lincomycin – based on sensitivity
b) Antibiogram monitoring
c) **Skin antiseptics, shampoos, sprays

Topical antibiotic +/- steroid + mineral oil
1. ELDU - Mix a tube of dry cow treatment with a litre of mineral oil and spray onto the pigs
PLUS
2. Systemic antibiotics (listed above) (IM) based on sensitivity results

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17
Q

Exudative Epidermatitis (Greasy Pig) – Control

A
  • Prevent trauma to the skin & improve hygiene
  • **Clip needle teeth – see Code
  • Reduce fighting
    > Minimize mixing (and mixing frequency) of pigs, appropriate stocking density, AIAO
  • Reduce humidity in nursery barn
    > ***Add heat to the room
    -> This will increase the number of air exchanges in the room and help remove moisture from the room
  • Autogenous vaccines rarely beneficial
18
Q

Notable notes re:
Teeth clipping; is it routine? why? how does this relate to greasy pig?

A
  • Not routinely done in large commercial herds anymore
    > Time, cost
    > Joint infections
  • Manage localized greasy pig disease
    > If happens too late to clip teeth
  • Do see generalized greasy pig
  • Code of practice – evaluate if required
19
Q

Streptococcus suis infections in swine; what precipitates this disease?

A
  • Stress precipitated disease
    > Pre-existing diseases
20
Q

streptococcus suis; number of serotypes? what determines virulence? most common, zoonotic potential?

A
  • About 35 serotypes identified, based on capsular proteins
  • Virulence associated with serotype
  • Type 2 is most common and is also
    zoonotic
21
Q

what proportion of sows carry strep suis?

A
  • Carrier state near 100% in sows
22
Q

Strep. suis – Public Health considerations for people

A

Zoonosis - rare but severe disease
* Mostly type 2
* Meningitis, septicemia, endocarditis, cellulitis, arthritis
* Deafness in 50-65% of meningitis cases
* 20% case-fatality in 2005 Chinese outbreak

  • Most patients have contact with pigs
  • Entry through skin wounds
  • Washing hands is effective
23
Q

Strep. suis – Epidemiology; where is it typically found? how does it survive in the environment?

A
  • Normal inhabitant and early colonizer of upper
    respiratory tract (URT)
  • Isolated from genital (female) and alimentary tracts
  • Potential reservoirs/vectors include many other domestic species (?)
  • Example: Cattle, sheep goats, horses etc.
  • Lengthy survival in the environment
  • Example: manure > 100 days
  • Multiple serotypes &/or strains may
    be present on a farm
  • Virulence varies with serotype
24
Q

Strep. suis – Transmission

A

Sow-piglet:
* Via genital tract during parturition
* Via respiratory & alimentary routes during lactation

Pig-pig: nurseries and beyond
* Onset of disease typically 5-10 wks of age (nursery & grower)

25
Q

Strep. suis – Clinical signs; peracute

A

Found dead in good condition

26
Q

Strep. suis – Clinical signs; acute

A
  • High fever >40C, septicemia, lateral recumbency, paddling
  • Polyserositis/polyarthritis
    > Swollen joints, lame
  • Meningitis
    > Ataxia, opisthotonus, incoordination, tremors, convulsions
  • +/- Pneumonia
  • Morbidity and mortality varies and is dependent on early identification and treatment efficacy/choices
27
Q

Strep. suis – Clinical signs; chronic

A
  • Arthritis
  • Valvular endocarditis
  • Bronchopneumonia
  • Pleural adhesions
28
Q

Strep suis – pathogenesis/pathology

A

Sepsis
* Invasion of Mr. tonsil and/or nasal cavities
* Ineffective humoral immunity
> Ss associates with blood monocytes
> Encapsulated Ss resists phagocytic killing
* Bacteremia > localization or:
* Release of inflammatory cytokines
> TNF, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8
* Septic shock, peracute death

Meningitis
* Invade endothelial cells of blood-brain-barrier (BBB)
* Induce local inflammation > cytokine production > increased permeability of BBB

29
Q

Strep suis – diagnosis

A
  • Clinical signs and response to treatment
    > Numerous clinical signs but convulsions is most suggestive
  • Culture and serotyping (brain, ventral brain, joints)
    > Cloudy meninges
    > Impression smear or culture of meninges
  • Polyserositis: often see obvious sheets of fibrin
  • Excessive amounts of pericardial fluid
    > Vegetative endocarditis – can be small and difficult to see
30
Q

Strep suis – treatment

A
  • Parenteral anti-inflammatories: for acutely convulsing animals
    > Predef (isoflupredon), dexamethasone
  • Isolate individual animals: provide extra heat, hand feed electrolytes
  • Parenteral antimicrobials: for individual animals
    > Penicillin (high dose), ceftiofur, trimethoprim sulfa
    > Most strains are resistant to tetracyclines
  • Prompt recognition and treatment is important!
    > Euthanasia if not identified early or no response to treatment
31
Q

Strep suis - Prevention (and when should we focus on this)

A

Especially if >8-10% of pigs affected
or if is a common problem

  1. Mass antimicrobial medication
    * Strategic prophylaxis in water and/or feed
    * Penicillin G most common
  2. Control precipitating stress factors
    * Overcrowding, ventilation, sanitation, temperature (not-too-hot, not-too-cold, just right), ages and frequent mixing
  3. Vaccination (generally ineffective)
    – Vaccine must be serotype (capsule) specific
    – Commercial & autogenous are available but generally do not produce sufficient serum IgG
    – Multiple injections (4-6 per pig) are required
  4. Control other diseases Especially……..PRRS!
32
Q

Glaesserella (Haemophilus) parasuis - causes what disease?

A
  • Glasser’s Disease
  • Porcine polyserositis & arthritis
33
Q

Glaesserella (Haemophilus) parasuis; what is it, where is it found, when is it a problem? what type of outbreaks?

A

Porcine polyserositis & arthritis

  • Ubiquitous, common inhabitant of nasopharynx in healthy pigs
  • Stress (mixing, weaning) compromises immune status
  • Can cause acute, explosive outbreaks in naïve farms
  • Gram negative rod, partial to poor cross protection, endemic in many herds
34
Q

Glaesserella (Haemophilus) parasuis - how many serotypes?

A
  • ~15 serotypes: 4, 5, 13, 14 (& un-typables) most common in N.A.
35
Q

Glasser’s – Clinical signs; peracute, acute, and chronic

A

Peracute:
* Sudden death

Acute:
* Convulsions, recumbency, tremors
* Joint swelling & pain – lameness
> Sometimes first clinical sign noticed
* High fever: 40.5° - 42°C
* Anorexia, depression, cyanosis of extremities, edema

Chronic:
* Lameness, coughing, dyspnea, weight loss

36
Q

Glasser’s – Clinical signs
What differential(s) are you thinking about?

A
  • Multisystemic nature
  • Numerous other causes of sudden death, respiratory disease, lameness, sepsis
  • Strep suis top differential
37
Q

Glasser’s - Pathogenesis

A
  • Early colonizer of nasal cavity of healthy pigs (non- pathogenic strains – commensal flora)
  • Ultra short incubation (12-24 hrs PI) following infection with virulent strain
  • Partial to poor cross protection among serotypes
  • Vasculitis, epithelial invasion, bacteria has predilection for leptomeninges and brain
  • Purulent rhinitis & septicemia

-Fibrinosuppurative polyserositis
-DIC (if peracute)

38
Q

Glasser’s - Pathology (PM)

A

Typically, gross lesions are spectacular!
* Fibrinosuppurative exudates
> “Bread & Butter lesions”

  • Single or multiple serosal surfaces affected:
  • peritoneum
  • pericardium
  • pleura
  • articular surfaces
  • meninges
39
Q

Glasser’s - Diagnosis

A

Clinical signs & gross pathology:
* Sheets of fibrin
* Fibrinosuppurative exudate
- abdomen, thorax, pericardial sac, joints & brain

Culture bacteria:
* Confirm with culture but can be difficult/slow
- Takes many days due to fastidious nature of bacteria
> Impossible in treated animals
> Submit untreated pigs

40
Q

Glasser’s - Treatment

A

Antimicrobial treatment
* Resistance patterns changing but generally sensitive to B-lactams, tetracyclines, trimethoprim sulfa

  • Parenteral (sick individuals)
    > Early treatment essential, prognosis moderate
  • Mass: water or feed – prophylactic to groups of pigs
    > Must ensure adequate daily intake of meds
    > Feed and water intake may be variable if pigs are severely affected or lame
41
Q

Glasser’s – Control

A

Vaccination
* Vaccinate naïve animals before mixing with positive pigs
> Vaccines must have correct serotypes – cross protection among serotypes is typically poor and serotypes vary in commercial products
> Autogenous vaccines are often used
- Can include serotypes of importance

-Control PRRS and other virus infections
-Reduce stress – minimize mixing

3. Food Animal (22 decks)

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