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Animal Breeding Exam > Swine > Flashcards

Swine Flashcards

1
Q

When and where were the first pigs domesticated?

A

From wild boar about 15,000 years ago in Near East

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2
Q

Give the latin name for the domesticated pig

A

Order Artiodactyla
Family Suidae
Genus Sus scrofa

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3
Q

Give microevolutionary changes between wild boar and pig:
Ears
Coat
Conformation

A

Ears
WB: upright
Pig: droopy or upright, depending on breed
Coat
WB: thick, short, bristelled, brown, grey or black
Pig: breed specific
Conformation
WB: males tusks, short straight, compact body
Pig: small eyes, curly, kinked or straight tail

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4
Q

Why are swine so temperature sensitive

A

No sweat glands

No brown adipose tissue

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5
Q

What is a boar

A

Adult male

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6
Q

What is a sow

A

Mature female

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7
Q

What is a gilt

A

Immature female

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8
Q

What is a piglet/farrow

A

Young pig

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9
Q

What is a shoat

A

Young pig 50-90 kg

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10
Q

What is a barrow

A

Castrated male pig

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11
Q

What are pigs used for

A

Food (36% of daily world meat protein intake)
Leather
Medicine (transplants, insulin prod (not anymore))
Foraging (truffle hunting)

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12
Q

Who does not eat pork and why?

A

Judaism (only ruminants)
Islam
Some fundamental Christians
Pigs are considered unclean

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13
Q

What is PSE, DFD and RSN

A

They relate to the quality of the meat
PSE = pale, soft, exudative
DFD = dark, firm, dry
RSN = redish/pink, soft, non-exudative

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14
Q

What is SEUROP

A 
Used to determine the lean meat/carcass ratio
Superior >60%
Excellent >55%
U very good >50%
R good >45%
O moderate >40%
Poor >35%
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15
Q

What parameters are used in the carcass merit?

A 
Dressing %
Backfat thickness
LEA - loin eye area
Marbling
Tenderness
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16
Q

What is dressing percentage in carcass merit?

A

Calculated by dividing the warm carcass weight by the shrunk live weight of the animal and expressing the result as a percentage. Shows how big part of the animal is fat/muscle and bone (intestines, head and skin is removed)

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17
Q

When does a pig reach puberty?

A

5-7 months

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18
Q

When is the sow first bred?

A

8-9 months or at 90-100kg body mass

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19
Q

When does first farrowing happen (birth)?

A

12-14 months

20
Q

How long is a pigs gestation period?

A

114 days

21
Q

How is pheromonal effects related to the sows estrus cycle?

A

The presence of the boar at the time of insemination of the sow improves sperm transport and ovulation

22
Q

How can you improve sexual development of pigs?

A

Restrictive feeding

23
Q

What are some reprod traits of the swine?

A

Early maturity
Pluriparous
High reprod potential
Continuously polyestrus

24
Q

What is lactation anestrus

A

The sow shows a postpartum decline in ovarian cycle activity, where the prolactin suppresses the GnRH release, leading to anestrus

25
Q

What is the immobilization reflex and what is it used for?

A

It is a reflex where the sow shows acceptance of boar and mounting when in heat, can be tested by putting pressure on the back. The sow stands still.

26
Q

How long is the estrus cycle of the sow?

A

18-23 days

27
Q

How many eggs are released during ovulation and how many are lost?

A

15-20 eggs released, 10-30% die early

28
Q

What are some reasons to fetal atrophy?

A

Hereditary chromosomal abnormalities
Overcrowding
Incomplete nutrition (not enough contact with placental wall
Diseases, heat stress

29
Q

How big is their litter size?

A

6-18 piglets, breed specific

30
Q

How can the litter size be manually increased?

A

By flush feeding, where the sow has a higher food intake prior to breeding, this releases more eggs

31
Q

What are some external symptoms of a sow being in heat?

A 
Restless, high activity
Swollen, enlarged vulva
Mucus discharge
Frequent urination
Mounting other sows
Immobilization reflex
32
Q

How long does a sow lactate?

A

25-60 days

33
Q

How can a pregnancy be diagnosed?

A

Rectal palpation, sonography, blood plasma estrone-sulfate level

34
Q

What hormones maintain the pregnancy?

A

Ovarian progestrone

porcine placental lactogen (pPL)

35
Q

What hormones can be used to induce ovulation?

A

eCG + hCG

GnRH

36
Q

What hormones can be used to induce estrus or synchronization?

A

Gestagens

37
Q

What hormones can be used to induce labour (organisational reasons, feks during daylight)

A

PGF2a

38
Q

How many teats does the sow have?

A

5-8x2

39
Q

How long is the period between two farrowings?

A

150-170 days

40
Q

What is the average birth weight of piglets?

A

1-2 kg

41
Q

What are some important porcine genetic muscular diseases?

A

PSS = porcine stress syndrome
Progressive myopathy
Tremor type III

42
Q

What are some important porcine genetic metabolic diseases?

A 
Porphyria
Hemophilia A
Pseudohemophilia
Obesity genes
Gangliosidosis II
43
Q

Give three mating methods

A

Harem: groups of sows, one boar
Stud/hand mating: individual
AI: very common, fresh diluted sperm

44
Q

Give three types of purebreeding

A

Inbreeding
Linebreeding
Outcross

45
Q

What are some procedures done to piglets?

A 
Castration
Tail docking
Teeth clipping (to avoid hurting the teat)
46
Q

What are some pros (good things) about alternative free range swine production systems?

A

The pigs have access to mud (temperature control)
They have larger area to move aound
They can have a relation to the young piglets

47
Q

What are some cons (bad things) about alternative free range swine production systems?

A

Less economically effective
Denitrification and erotion of soil
Sunburn, heat stress
Pig breeds are often bred for indoor intensive pig farming

Animal Breeding Exam (7 decks)

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