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Animal Breeding Exam > Poultry > Flashcards

Poultry Flashcards

1
Q

Galliformes

A

Chicken, Turkey

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2
Q

Anatidae

A

Duck, Goose

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3
Q

Ancestor and domestication CHICKEN

A

Red junglefowl China 5400 B.C.

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4
Q

Ancestor and domestication TURKEY

A

Wild turkey, Mexico 1000 B.C.

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5
Q

Ancestor and domestication DUCK

A

Mallard duck, China 2500 B.C.

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6
Q

Ancestor and domestication GOOSE

A

Greylag/Swan goose, China 2500 B.C.

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7
Q

Microev changes of chicken

A 
Inc size, weight
Breast hypertrophy
Large phenotypic variability
Changes to limb musculature
High fertility and prolificacy
Eliminated broodiness
Fast growth
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8
Q

Cock/Rooster

A

Adult male

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9
Q

Cockrel

A

Young male

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10
Q

Capon

A

Castrated male

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11
Q

Genetic diseases, embryonic losses

A 
Lethal mutations
Sticky embryo
Malformations:
1. Chondrodystrophy
2. Poly/hypodactyly
3. Wingless or limbless
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12
Q

Genetic diseases, hatching

A

Tremor, naked, beak malformation

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13
Q

Genetic diseases, adult

A 
Cardiomyopathy
Stress syndrome (turkey especially)
Aorta rupture (also turkey)
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14
Q

Defects as conformational traits

A 
Frizzleness (dosis, hetero good)
Naked neck (Turken)
Crested (Augsburg)
Tailless (Araucanas)
Dwarfism (Z-linked)
Polydactylia (Dorking, silkies)
Tuft
Chondrodystrophia
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15
Q

What is interesting about chondrodystrophia

A

Homozygote: lethal
Heterozygote: increased egg production

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16
Q

At what age does a chicken start to lay eggs?

A

Approx 22 weeks

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17
Q

When is a cockerel mature?

A

4-5 months

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18
Q

How often is an egg layed

A

One a day

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19
Q

How many eggs does a good laying hen lay?

What would an average chicken lay 100 years ago?

A

300 per life,

80-150 per year

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20
Q

What is moulting

A

After 12 months of laying eggs, the chicken will moult
This means they lose their feathers and don’t lay any eggs to regenerate their reproductive systems. Farmers can take away food for 2 weeks to force the moulting so the chicken can start laying eggs again

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21
Q

Describe the female avian reproductive system

A 
Ovaries
Infundibulum (yolk, fertilization)
Magnum (50% albumen)
Isthmus (shell membrane)
Uterus (40% albumen, shell + cuticle)
Vagina
Cloaca
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22
Q

Give some features of the male avian reproductive system

A

Testicles inside abd cavity, in front of kidneys

Vas deferens goes to cloaca

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23
Q

Breeding goal of laying hen?

A

Strong hen
High egg quality
High number off eggs layed
Minimal broodiness

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24
Q

What are some egg production traits

A 
Time of puberty and maturity
Relative and absolute egg production
First year production
Feed conversion and efficiency
Eqq quality
Broodiness
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25
Q

Give 5 laying hens

A 
Rhode Island Red
Leghorn (only white egg producer)
New Hampshire
(White Cornish)
(Plymouth Rock)
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26
Q

4 breeding methods of laying hens

A

AI
Stud/Hand
Harem
Mass/Flock

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27
Q

Layer hen hybridization:

Describe RRS

A

Recurrent reciprocal selection
Test crossing: ABCD
Best combination used, rest culled

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28
Q

2 phases of egg production

A

Rearing (up to 17 weeks)
Heat, water and temp is controlled
Laying (from week 18)

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29
Q

Describe the lighting program for laying hens

A

Week 1-18: decreasing from 23 hrs to 9 hrs
Week 19-23: increasing from 10 to 14 hrs
Week 24+: 14 hrs constant

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30
Q

What is the reason for using lighting programs

A

In nature, the chicken would only lay eggs in summer, therefore they must be tricked to thinking its summer

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31
Q

What is the broiler chicken breeding goal

A

Economic bird (effective growth, feed conversion, healthy)

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32
Q

What are some parameters to evaluate the broiler efficiency

A

Body weight
Daily gain
Feed efficiency (FCR)
1.8-2 kg food/kgbwt

33
Q

What is the sex difference in broiler chickens

A

Approx 18%

34
Q

What is the dressing percentage in broiler chickens

A

65-70%

35
Q

What breed hybrid is used in broiler chicken

A 
White cornish (paternal) x White plymouth rock (maternal)
= CORNISH ROCK
36
Q

What other breeds can be used as broiler breeds?

A

Hubbard
Ross
Peterson
Lohmann

37
Q

What two hybridization methods are used?

A

3 way and 4 way cross

38
Q

At what age are broilers slaughtered

A

5/6 weeks

39
Q

How are the broilers fattened?

A

Unlimited food
Corn, grains
Milk?

40
Q

How are the broiler chickens kept

A

In large units where they are free-range and have unlimited access to food (basically a brooding operation)
Controlled environment
Room + floor central heating
Automatic feeder/waterer

41
Q

What is intensive egg laying poultry production system?

A

A highly efficient intensive production system where there is the highest amount of eggs produced, and forced moulting (BATTERY CAGE)
They are not free to move, and the eggs fall down a conveyor belt
CHEAP

42
Q

What is alternative egg laying poultry production system?

A

Free range
Outside or inside
Room to wander, scratch, peck, forage and show normal chicken behavior
For broilers: slower growth

43
Q

Is keeping laying hens in battery cages legal?

A

Not since 2012 in the EU

44
Q

What is organic production system?

A

Restrictions on :
medication given in water or food (for treatment and prevention)
food additives
synthetic amino acids

45
Q

What is a furnished cage

A

A cage where the chicken has room to move around and displays normal chicken behaviour

46
Q

What are some issues with poultry production systems?

A 
Antibiotics
Arsenic
Hormones (currently not legal)
E.coli, salmonella
Avian influenza
Ammonia
47
Q

Give the domestication of turkey

A

1000 B.C., Mexico

48
Q

What is the breeding goal of turkey

A

Meat production
Egg for hatching
Broad chest

49
Q

When does a turkey hit puberty?

A

16 weeks

50
Q

When do turkeys start laying eggs?

A

34 weeks

51
Q

How many eggs do turkeys lay?

A

About 2 a week

52
Q

What are 2 mating methods for turkeys?

A

AI or natural

53
Q

What turkey cannot breed naturally and requires AI?

A

The bronze broad breasted turkey

54
Q

Give three turkey breeds

A

Bronze
White beltsville (maternal)
Black turkey

55
Q 
Give the weights for different turkey types
Giant
Maxi
Midi
Mini
A

Giant 17-20 kg
Maxi 6 kg
Midi 5 kg
Mini 4 kg

56
Q

When and where was the goose domesticated?’

A

From greyleg or swan goose 3000 B.C.

57
Q

What are geese used for?

A

Meat, egg, liver, feather, alarming, weed control

58
Q

Give reprod traits of geese

A

Maturity: 40 weeks

Egg prod: 30-50 eggs

59
Q

Give growth traits of geese

A

Meat performance and production (early gain)

FCR: 2.8 kg food/kgbw

60
Q

Give weight of liver for toulouse and grey goose

A

Toulouse: 1100g

Grey goose: 800-900 g

61
Q

How long is the goose lifespan in the wild?

A

Up to 50 years

62
Q

Give meat type goose breeds

A

Embden
Grey pomeranian
Pilgrim (autosex)

63
Q

Give layer type goose breeds

A

Italian

Rhenish

64
Q

Give liver type goose breeds

A

Toulouse

Grey goose

65
Q

How can they make foie gras

A

Stuffing: force feeding goose with corn

66
Q

Domestication of ducks

A

Far East, 2500 B.C. (+ Europe and Mesopotamia)

67
Q

How many eggs can the duck produce?

A

300 eggs

68
Q

What are the two main duck breeds?

A
  1. Landrace (heavy)

2. Penguin (upright)

69
Q

Give layer duck breeds

A

Runner Duck

Khaki Campbell

70
Q

Give meat duck breads

A

Peking
Aylesbury
Rouen

71
Q

What is the muscovy duck?

A

Domesticated in Brazil
Not from mallard
Has a red crest in face

72
Q

Domestication of pigeon

A

8000 B.C. in Mesopotamia from Rock dove

73
Q

What is a squeaker and a squab?

A

Squeaker: baby pigeon
Squab: young pigeon

74
Q

What are pigeons for?

A

Meat (squabs)
Ornamental (Exhibitions)
Racing, homing (war)
Scientific experiments

75
Q

What are breeding methods based on?

A

Phenotype

76
Q

Give flying sport pigeon breeds

A

Homing, tipplers, rollers

77
Q

Give fancy pigeon breeds

A

Jacobins, Fantain, Pygmy

78
Q

Give utility pigeon breeds

A

Texan (autosex)

King

Animal Breeding Exam (7 decks)

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