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Animal Breeding Exam > Horse > Flashcards

Horse Flashcards

1
Q

How can you diagnose pregnancy?

A

No heat
Clinical signs (vaginal and rectal examination)
Hormone measurement (eCG, P4)
Ultrasound (14-45 days)

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2
Q

Basic colour is determined by

A

W, G, E and A

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3
Q

What are some general characteristics of hot/warmblood horse breeds?

A

Narrow back, defined withers
Fine skeleton, long legs, above 150cm wither height
Long hindquarters for speed
Minimal feathering
High feed demand -> struggle to maintain weight
400-500 kg

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4
Q

What is the agouti (A) gene?

A

Distribution of black colour hair

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5
Q

What are 5 advantages of artificial insemination?

A

Reduces spread of venereal disease
International breeding programs are possible
Less stress by traveling
More mares can be mated with a valuable stallion
Allows line breeding (semen can be stored after death)

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6
Q

What was the warmblood bred for?

A 
to be warm hehe 
Carriage horses (17th/18th century)
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7
Q

What is SCID and who can have it?

A

Severe combined immunodeficiency
Frameshift mutation
Poor T- and B-lymphocyt function, immunodeficiency, death of foal after colostrum protection ceases
Arab horses

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8
Q

What is grey (G) gene?

A

Exclusion of pigment from hair over time (born dark, lightens with age)

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9
Q

Blood refreshment

A

Crossing of individuals of same breed but different familial lines to increase vigor (physical strength and good health)

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10
Q

Where are most cold blooded/heavy draft horses from?

A

France, Germany, Great Britain

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11
Q

What is the white (W) gene?

A

Inability to form pigment

WW homozygotes is embryonic lethal

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12
Q

Gelding

A

Male castrated horse of any age

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13
Q

What is gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)?

A

A mare’s ovum and a stallion’s sperm is inserted into a surrogate mare’s oviduct (useful for us fertile stallions with low sperm count)

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14
Q

What genes can lead to haemophilia?

A

WW (white) and OO (ovaro white spotting)

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15
Q

What is the Latin name for a horse?

A

Equus caballus

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16
Q

Name some trotters (7)

A 
Orlow trotter
American standardbred
Russian trotter (Orlow x American standardbred)
Hungarian trotter (nearly extinct)
Hackney
Morgan
Cleveland bay
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17
Q

Give the general characteristics of ponies

A

Generally cold blooded
Any horse under 14 hands (142 cm)
Thick coats, manes, tails, lower limb feathering
High endurance, mild temper, long life span

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18
Q

What are some health issues of the Thoroughbreds?

A 
High fatality in racing
Bleeding from lungs
Low fertility
Relatively small hearts
Small hoof:body mass ratio
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19
Q

What are the 8 most important genetic diseases of the horse?

A 
Haemophilia
Lethal white ovaro
Melanomatosis
HYPP
SCID 
EPSM
HERDA
GBED
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20
Q

Name some coldblooded breeds

A 
GB:
Suffolk punch, Shire, Clydesdale
Fr:
Percheron, Comtois, Boulonnais, Breton, Ardennais
Blg:
Brabant
Ger:
Schelswig, Rhein-Westphalen, Schwarzwald
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21
Q

What is hereditary equine regional dermal asthenia (HERDA)?

A

Autosomal recessive

Collagen defect: layers of skin are not held firmly together

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22
Q

What is embryo transfer?

A

Flushing out a mares newly fertilized egg and inserting it into a surrogate which is in the same phase of the estrus cycle as the donor mare

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23
Q

What are the 4 Tapan subspecies?

A

Warmblood
Oriental
Draft
Tarpan

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24
Q

Suckling

A

A nursing foal

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25
Q

Name some thoroughbred blooded sport horses (Hungarian). Name the most winning flat race horse

A

Gidran (Hungarian anglo-arab)
Fusioso-north star
Noniusz
Kisber

Kincsem
Thoroughbred Hungarian chestnut mare
54/54 wins

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26
Q

What’s the name of the offspring when you breed a male donkey and a mare?

A

Mule

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27
Q

What causes lethal white ovaro (LWO)?

A

TC to AG nucleotide mutation in endothelin B receptor gene

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28
Q

What is the melanin extension/non-extension? (E)

A

Extension of red pigments (red, chestnut, sorrel) ee = ability to produce black pigment in skin, appears red in hairs

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29
Q

What was the Thoroughbred bred for?

A

to be thorough ehhehe no but ultimate racehorse (Britain 1700)

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30
Q

Foal

A

Less than a year old

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31
Q

What is glycogen branching enzyme deficiency? (GBED)

A

No glycogen storage: cardiac and skeletal muscles cannot function –> death

32
Q

What are 6 signs that the mare is in heat?

A 
Relaxed hyperaemic external genitals
Frequent urination
Raising tail
Mucous discharge
Presenting itself to stallion
Teasing of other mares
33
Q

Is the horse
uniparous
biparous
multiparous?

A

Uniparous –> only releases one ovum and produces one offspring

34
Q

When is the eCG production?

A

days 31-120

35
Q

What are some important Spanish horses and Spanish blooded descendants? except American

A 
Andalusian
Lusitano
Lipizzaner
Friesian
Knapstrup
ALL Foals Know
36
Q

What is HYPP?

A

Hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis
Missense point mutation: autosomal dominant
Signs: disturbed Na-channel function in skeletal muscle, hyperkalaemia, lameness, muscle weakness, paralysis and twitching

37
Q

Where does fertilization happen?

A

Fallopian tube

38
Q

Weanling

A

A foal that has been weaned (no longer fed breastmilk)

39
Q

What are some haute ecole dressage thingies? Name 5

Where are they taught?

A 
Piaffe
Levade
Courbette
Capriole
Croupade
Taught in Spanish riding school in Vienna
40
Q

What is egg transfer?

A

An oocyte is removed from a mare’s follicle and transferred into the oviduct of a surrogate mare, which is then bred with a stallion

41
Q

When does a horse hit puberty?

A

16-18 months

42
Q

Name some general features of coldbloods

A 
Large, strong, heavy (1000kg)
High cannon girth, short legs
Thick mane, tail, lower limb feathering
Short life span, low withers, broad back
Quiet temperament
Used for their strength and meat production
43
Q

What is the only surviving wild horse breed?

A

Przewalski’s horse

44
Q

Interspecies hybrids

A

Mule and hinny/jennet

45
Q

What happens if a horse has melanomatosis of grey horses?

A

Disorder of melanocyte migration

Benign melanomas in grey horses 15 years +, around eyes, vagina, anus and on skin

46
Q

Grading up

A

Regular crossings throughout more generations to improve the breed or produce a new breed

47
Q

Chromosome number:
Wild horse
Domesticated horse
Donkey

A

66
64
62

48
Q

What are modified variants of the three basic colours?

A

Roan, grey

49
Q

When will the mare have placental estrogens in her blood?

A

4-5 months onwards

50
Q

Yearling

A

Between one and two years old

51
Q

Ancestor of horse

A

Tarpan with 4 subspecies

52
Q

What is the average age of sexual maturity?

A

3-5 years

53
Q

What’s the name of the offspring when you breed a female zebra with a stallion?

A

Hinny/jennet

54
Q

What colour genes are dominant?

A

W and G

55
Q

What is equine polysaccharide storage myopathy? (EPSM) and what breeds can get it?

A

Metabolic muscular condition that can occur from being tied up. Related to glycogen storage disorder. Seen in Quarter horses

56
Q

How long is the period covered by horse evolution?

A

60 million years

57
Q

Earliest documentation of horse breeding?

A

Arabian horse, by Bendouin in Middle East at 1330 A.D

58
Q

What are some American descendants of Spanish breeds?

A 
Mustang (feral)
Appaloosa
Quarter horse
American pinto
Peruvian paso
My American Quacks At Pizza
59
Q

When we’re horses domesticated?

A

5-6000 years ago

60
Q

What is the roan (R) gene?

A

Mixing of dark and light hairs
Black, blue, bay and red roan
Dun horses

61
Q

What are some important warmblood breeds?

A 
Arabian
Barb
Anglo-Arabian
Akhal-Teke
Tersk
Russian Don
A Blue Army Ate Ten Rocks
62
Q

What is the gestation period for the mare?

A

336 days

63
Q

Single crossing

A

One-time crossing

64
Q

Synthetic breeds

A

A planned gene pool of a horse breed

65
Q

What are the qualitative/monogenic basic colours of the horse?

A

Black, bay (brown), chestnut

66
Q

What horse breeds can get LWO?

A 
Paint
Pinto
Quarter horse
English Thoroughbred
Miniature horse breeds
67
Q

S
P
O
T

A

Spotting
Piebald/Skewbald
Ovaro spotted
Tobiano

68
Q

Colt

Filly

A

Male under age of four

Female under age of four

69
Q

What are two types of pure breeding?

A

Inbreeding (should not exceed 0.1-0.3)

Line breeding: repeated backcrossing for fixing a certain trait)

70
Q

Terminal crossings

A

Utilizes heterosis

71
Q

Give some pony breeds

A 
Shetland
Welsh pony
Exmoor, Dartmoor (Celtic)
Connemara (Irish)
Fell and Dales - sport type
New forest
Icelandic horse (gaited - tølt)
Fjording (Norwegian dun purebred horse)
Heck horse
Curly horse
72
Q

What happens if a horse has LWO?

A

Lack of colon ganglions:
Colic and flatulence in foal
Death of homozygotes

73
Q

What breeds can get HYPP?

A

Quarter horse, paint and appaloosa breeds

74
Q

What are 6 types of cross breeding?

A 
Blood refreshment
Single crossing
Grading up
Synthetic breeds
Terminal crossings
Interspecies hybrids
75
Q

Mare

Stallion

A

Female over age of four

Male over age of four

Animal Breeding Exam (7 decks)

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