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Animal Breeding Exam > Cattle > Flashcards

Cattle Flashcards

1
Q

Maternal cattle breed traits

A

Low birth weight

Easy calving

Fertility

Milk production

Early puberty

Low muscling

Can be British, American, Continental

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2
Q

Dual purpose

A

HOLSTEIN FRIESIAN

Usually black and white (red variant has more conc milk)

Average female weight: 700-800kg

Average male weight: up to 1200 kg

Milk quality: low fat (3.7%) /protein (3.2%)

Annual yield: 8000-12 000 kg important!!!

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3
Q

What hormones can be used to induce ovulation and what can be used to induce estrus in the female?

A

Ovulation: hCg or GnRH Cycle: progesterone, PGIFa2, PRID (device)

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4
Q

Give four important genetic diseases of Holstein

A

DUMPS Hemophilia B Hypertrichosis Oligodontia (lack of teeth)

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5
Q

How long is the lactation period of the cow and is a dry period needed between lactations?

A

About 300 days, a dry period of 2 months is needed for mammary regeneration

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6
Q

Dual purpose

A

Norwegian Red cattle

about 40% naturally polled

Popular to cross with Holstein (in USA)

An open, synthetic breed

Breeding goal: health, fertility

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7
Q

Give 7 paternal beef cattle breeds

A

Charolais

Limousin

Maine-Anjou

Blonde D’Aquitaine

Belgian blue

Chianina

Piedmontese

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8
Q

Give the twinning rate and the rate of females becoming freemartins when twinning with a male

A

Twinning: 1-4% Freemartin rate: +90%

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9
Q

Give an important genetic disease of Simmental

A

Platelet bleeding disorder

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10
Q

What is important to look at in the chemical composition of the milk?

A

Fat/Protein ratio Lactose content Color, odor, taste pH, density, conduction Vitamins, ketone bodies, urea, fatty acid composition SCC = somatic cell count (leukocyte content)

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11
Q

When is a heifer ready to have a calf?

A

At 2 or 3 years, depending on breed

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12
Q

How long does it take for the average cow to be milked?

A

3-5 mins

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13
Q

Give three genetic skeletal diseases in cattle

A

Chondrodysplasia Dwarfism (STH receptor mutation) Syndactylia (fused digits)

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14
Q

Name some inter species hybrids and the aim of creating them

A

Cattalo Yakalo Beefalo Aim: to produce high protein low fat beef

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15
Q

What is a stag?

A

A male castrated after maturity. It will act like an uncastrated male

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16
Q

How long is the female in heat?

A

24-48 hrs

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17
Q

What is a freemartin?

A

A female calf from a twin pregnancy where the testosterone from the male twin has caused changes to the female’s reprod system during early gestation, making it sterile

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18
Q

Give 10 maternal beef cattle breeds

A

Angus

Hereford

Shorthorn

Hungarian gray

Galloway

Highland cattle

Devon

Lincoln red

Dexter

Chillingham

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19
Q

Is twinning desired or not? What is the heritability?

A

Beef cattle yes Dairy cattle no Heritability (h^2) 0.01-0.09 (low)

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20
Q

Give some general reprod traits of the dam

A

Uniparous Low reprod potential Late breeding Long gestation Continuously polyestrus (anestrus pathologically)

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21
Q

What is an ox

A

A castrated male kept for draft or riding purposes

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22
Q

What is a steer/bullock?

A

A male castrated before maturity

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23
Q

What is the Latin name for today’s domesticated cattle?

A

Ruminantia Bovidae Bovinae Bos taurus

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24
Q

Give three genetic metabolic diseases in cattle

A

Gangliosidosis Citrullinaemia DUMPS (uridine monophosphate synthase deficiency)

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25
Q

What types of milking parlours exist?

A

Rotary Herringbone Parallel

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26
Q

What is a dam

A

Mother of an offspring

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27
Q

Dairy cattle

A

Jersey cow

Small breed, brown, cute

High butterfat (6%) and protein (4%)

Average female weight: 350-540 kg

Average male weight: 540-820 kg

Annual yield: 5400 kg

28
Q

Dairy cattle

A

Guernsey

Brown with white spots

Average female weight: 450-550kg

Average male weight: 700-800kg

Milk quality: rich flavour, golden colour (carotene) concentrated

Annual yield: 5800-6000kg

29
Q

Where does the fertilization happen and at what day does the implantation into the uterine wall happen?

A

Fertilization happens in the Fallopian tubes, implantation happens on the 21-22 day (early)

30
Q

Terminal/paternal beef cattle breed traits

A

Muscling

Fast growth

31
Q

Give four genetic blood/circulation diseases in cattle

A

Hyperbilirubinaemia Protoporhyria (congential, AR) Platelet bleeding disorder Hemophilia B (factor IX)

32
Q

What are some related species to the domesticated European cattle?

A

Yak (Mongolia, China) Zebu with hump (muscular hyper trophy) SE Asia Bali cattle (small) Goyal cattle (sacrificial animals) Bison (American/European) Asian water buffalo African buffalo

33
Q

Dual purpose

A

Brown Swiss

From Braunvieh, grey coloured (?)

Average female weight: 700 kg

Average male weight: up to 1135 kg

Milk quality: 4.5% fat, 3.6% protein, great for cheese production!

Annual yield: 9000 kg

34
Q

What is injected into the cow to increase lactation in USA?

A

recombinant bovine growth hormone rBGH

35
Q

Name some feral cattle breeds

A

Chillingham cattle Aleutian wild cattle Enderby island cattle Ushuaia Cattle

36
Q

Give an important genetic disease of Limousine

A

Protoporphyria

37
Q

What parameters are used to measure milk performance

A

Average milk yield Max daily milk yield FCM = fat corrected milk yield Fat yield Protein yield

38
Q

What species can you mate to get the infertile male Dzo and fertile female Dzomo?

A

Yak and domestic cattle Heterosis

39
Q

What is a cow?

A

A female cow with at least one offspring

40
Q

What is a sire?

A

The father of an offspring, used in dairy breeding

41
Q

When is the heifer sexually mature (but not ready to have a calf just yet)

A

When she is 15 months or about ¾ of her full grown body weight

42
Q

Give three intersex diseases in cattle

A

XY females Testicular/ovarian/Uterine dysplasia (abnormal development) or hypoplasia (under-development) TFS - testicular feminization syndrome (ø adrenergic receptors)

43
Q

When was cattle domesticated?

A

About 10,000 years ago (8000 B.C.)

44
Q

What factors of milk should you consider when wanting to produce cheese?

A

Lipid droplet size (small is good –> jersey too big)

Kappa casein content (solidification of cheese)

Lipase content (?)

45
Q

Give three genetic muscular diseases of cattle

A

Spinal muscle atrophy (SMA) Hypertrophy (double muscling) Weaver syndrome

46
Q

What is a calf

A

A young male of female cattle before one year old

47
Q

Give some important parameters on udder evaluation

A

Udder depth Udder attatchment Teat placement Teat size Udder cleft

48
Q

What is the heck cattle

A

A reconstruction of the now extinct Auroch, made by German zoologists to have in zoos.

49
Q

Ancestor of modern domesticated cattle?

A

Auroch Went extinct in the 17th century

50
Q

What are some symptoms that the female is in heat?

A

Mucus discharge Mounting other females Hyperaemic external genitalia

51
Q

When does a cattle reach puberty?

A

At 12-16 months

52
Q

When does ovulation happen?

A

12-14 hrs after heat

53
Q

Give an important genetic disease of Shorthorn

A

Parakeratosis

54
Q

How long is the gestation period

A

Approx 280 days

55
Q

Give an important genetic disease of Dexter

A

Dwarfism

56
Q

Dairy cattle

A

Ayrshire

Red and white, good conformation (esp udder)

Average female weight: 500-600kg

Average male weight: 750-850kg

Milk quality: 4% butterfat and protein

Annual yield: 6400 kg

57
Q

How many chromosomes do domesticated cattle and water buffalo have?

A

Cattle: 2n = 60 Water buffalo: 2n = 48

58
Q

What is a heifer?

A

Young female before she has had a calf

59
Q

What can cause cycle disorders in the cattle?

A

CLP (Corpus lutea persistens) ovulation induced with PGIF2a Cystic ovaries

60
Q

What is a yearling

A

A calf between one and two years old

61
Q

Give two important genetic diseases of Brown Swiss

A

Weaver syndrome Albinism

62
Q

How long is the estrus cycle?

A

21 days (biphasic: follicular and luteal phase)

63
Q

How can you diagnose the pregnancy?

A

Ultrasound Rectal examination Hormone testing Progesterone in blood plasma Fetal proteins Estrone sulfate in milk

64
Q

What are 9 parameters used to evaluate the reproduction performance

A

Age at first calving: approx 2 years Insemination index (whatever that is): ideally less than 1,5 Non-return rate: less than 60% Calving interval: 360-380 days but can be over 40p First fertile heat after calving: 35-40 days Service period: less than 60 days Pregnancy rate: above 95% Sterility: under 10% Embryonic mortality: under 5%

65
Q

What cattle breeds are important in the cheese production?

A

Montbéliarde

Shorthorn (English cheddar)

Brown swiss

Normande (camembert)

Guernsey

Ayrshire

Holstein

66
Q

Give two genetic immunodeficiency diseases in cattle

A

BLAD (bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency) Chediak-Higashi

67
Q

Name two bovine species that cannot mate?

A

Asian water buffalo and domestic cattle Likely because of different chromosome number

Animal Breeding Exam (7 decks)

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