Swine 3 Flashcards
protein deficiencies in pigs results from
- sub-optimal feed intake
- deficiency of 1 or more essential amino acids
how does protein deficiency manifest in growers-finishers?
reduced growth/ADG
poor feed conversion
fatter carcasses
does does protein deficiency manifest in lactating sows?
lower milk production
excess weight loss during lactation
failure to exhibit post weaning estrus
what molecule is usually deficient in pig fat deficiency?
linoleic acid
how does fat deficiency manifest in pigs?
hair loss, scaly dermatitis, unthrifty appearance in growing pigs
is fat deficiency common in commercial diets? what about non-commercial diets?
no in commercial, yes in non-commercial
how does carb deficiency manifest in pigs?
reduced growth/ADG (expected weight/size for age is decreased)
poor hair coat
dry nose
poor BCS
lack of energy
other illnesses
can you overfeed Zinc?
nope
is iron deficiency anemia common in pigs?
yep
6-28% (and likely more than this actually)
1) Ca or P deficiency results in ?
2) salt deficiencies lead to?
3) sow diets low in ____ produce hairless pigs.
4) zinc deficiencies result in ?
1) rickets
2) poor growth
3) iodine
4) parakeratosis
tell me how iron deficiency anemia happens in pigs in very broad strokes
decrease iron reserve (for whatever reason)
increase growth = increase expansion of blood volume
= iron deficiency anemia
What are C/s and necropsy findings for pigs with iron deficiency anemia?
failure to grow
unthrifty*
pallor*
thin walled heart
edema of lungs, muscles, connective tissue
thin watery blood *
how do you prevent and treat iron deficiency anemia in pigs?
Iron Dextran
200 mg/piglet @ 3 days old
runt litters
Cu also reduces rate of Hgb formation and RBC count (much less common)
farms with liquid feed systems and specifically for finisher pigs sometimes have an acute increase in mortality. this is common with ??
salt water toxicity
what are the clinical signs for salt water toxicity?
± stilted gait *
walking into walls
nose twitching > convulsions
± diarrhea
neuro presentation
what are some ddx for the C/S caused by salt water toxicity?
meningitis (strep suis causing strep meningitis)
- strep suis type 2 is most common and #1 cause of neuro disease in the world
edema disease
organophosphates
what are important questions to ask If you’re investigating salt water toxicity in pigs?
using liquid whey products?
change source of whey?
water deprivation?
salt levels in feed?
what are pathology findings for salt water toxicity? both histo and gross path
gastric mucosal congestion
liquid filled intestines, ± enteritis
pathognomonic eosinophilic meningoencephalitis characterized by cuffing of meningeal and cerebral vessels with eosinophils
tell me the pathogenesis (very broad terms) of water deprivation/salt poisining in pigs
shortage/complete lack of water, normal salt in the diet becomes toxic –> acute cerebral edema
the higher the level of salt in the diet, the shorter the period of water deprivation before signs are seen (48hrs)
how do you treat water deprivation/salt tox?
introduce water slowly **
small amount frequently
which part of the porcine stomach is prone to gastric ulcers?
pars esophagea (non-glandular part)
what causes gastric ulcers in pigs?
particle size of diet < 500 microns
interrupted feed supply
disease & stress
what are the 4 stages of gastric ulcer formation in pigs?
normal
parakeratosis
erosions
ulceration
true or false. most gastric ulcers are subclinical
true
what are C/S and pathology signs for gastric ulcers in piggies?
vomiting, pale, weight loss/emaciation due to esophageal stricture in healed cases
feed refusal, constipation, parachute death from intragastric hemorrhage, ± melena, reduced appetite, slow growth
are gastric ulcers a commercial pig problem? why or why not?
nope
commercial farms use good nutritionists
how do you treat/control gastric ulcers
diet change (particle sise, pellets to mash, buffers)
sucralfate
bismuth subsalicylate (pepto bismol)
fomotidine (H2 blocker)
list the 4 intestinal accidents we have to know, and list the most common one first (idk about the other 3)
rectal prolapse
mesenteric torsion
gastric torsion
splenic torsion
who is affected by intestinal accidents? what is the cause?
grower-finisher pigs
uncertain cause (interrupted feeding, changes in diet, running/jumping/rolling)
tell me the pathogenesis of intestinal accidents (torsion)
inciting incident
torsion
rapid abdominal distension
venous obstruction
shock
death
what are the clinical signs of intestinal accidents (torsion)
peracute death
bloated abdomen
pale carcass (pink and white blotchiness due to venous congestion, white is where pig experience compression laying down)
± prolapsed rectum
what are the path signs of torion/intestinal accidents
venous congestion of GIT
blood tinged peritoneal fluid ± fibrin
evidence of twist around mesentery
how do you control intestinal accidents/torsion?
consistent diet
consistent delivery of diet
slow running + jumping
what causes Mulberry heart disease?
vitamin E/selenium deficiency
what are the Mulberry heart disease lesions /clinical signs?
C/S: sudden death of young, rapidly growing pigs
lesions:
- transmural myocardial hemorrhage “paint brush”*
- hydropericardium*
- hydrothorax, hydroperitoneum*
- pulmonary edema
- thick fibrin covering serosal surfaces
- hepatitis dietetica
- degeneration of longisimus dorsi
true or false: in pigs, vomitoxin is well absorbed and poorly metabolized and excreted
true
which two mycotoxins are pigs especially susceptible to?
vomitoxin and zearalenone
what are some clinical signs of mycotoxicity in pigs?
feed refusal and vomiting*
hyperaemic vulva*
oral irritation
hepatitis
intestinal hemorrhage
abortions
prolapse
renal lesions
acute lung edema
what is the typical presentation of a pig with mycotoxicity?
sow next to a feeder and not eating
when not eating, they get gastric torsion
if dose is really low and they do eat it, then you get weak litters, starve outs
true or false: piglets < 900g with fusarium have low viability
true
what does fusarium look like in pigs?
dome-shaped skull
ADG dropped by 17% for at least 3 months
under 1kg/900 g piglets die
true or false. a negative test for mycotoxins means there isn’t any there
false! it can be hard to find mycotoxins
what are some ddx for the clinical signs shown with mycotoxins?
PRRS
environmental stressors (summer heat)
mycotoxins
parvo
stray voltage
what factors influence susceptibility to mycotoxicity?
concurrent disease
heat stress
marginal nutrient profile
drug interactions
multiple toxins
animal crowding
age
pregnancy
lactation
how do you prevent mycotoxicity?
feed purchasing (test)
storage and handling of feed (regular bin cleaning, regular feed line cleaning, store grains dry)
mycotoxin binders (binding agents that selectively bind and immobilize mycotoxins in GIT)
