Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

465 nutrition > Poultry > Flashcards

Poultry Flashcards

1
Q

define the following terms:
1. chick
2. poult
3. pullet
4. cockerel
5. hen
6. rooster
7. tom

A
  1. very young chicken, usually a broiler
  2. very young turkey (M or F)
  3. immature F chicken, usually intended to be kept for breeding
  4. immature M chicken, usually intended to be kept for breeding
  5. mature F chicken/turkey, or mature/immature F meat turkey
  6. mature M chicken
  7. male turkey, either mature or mature/immature heavy meat-type turkey
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define the following terms:
1. breeder
2. layer
3. broiler
4. primary breeder

A
  1. parent stock used to produce offspring for a specific type of production
  2. egg-type chickens (layer pullet, layer hen/layer)
  3. meat-type chicken, or a small BW turkey
  4. company that makes genetic selection decisions regarding their genetic lines
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is retrograde peristalsis and why do birds have this?

A

peristalsis moves backwards to duodenum from jejunum when bird is hungry, like internal coprophagy
why? adaptation for flight, increased efficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

mammals have urea, birds have _____

A

uric acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

the proventriculus and the gizzard perform the same function as the mammal ____.

A

stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

cloaca = ?

A

1 hole
receives ureters, digestive tract, repro tract
1 hole for everything

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the goals for feeding poultry?

A

meeting nutrient requirements (maintenance, production)
health/welfare
economic efficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

why do we use phase feeding in poultry nutrition?

A

nutrient requirements change over time
(genetic selection, within a bird’s lifetime)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cornish hens:
1) live finishing weight?
2) finishing age?
3) in canada?
4) sex?

A

1) 1-1.1kg
2) ~25 days
3) minimal production in Canada
4) female

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Broiler:
1) sex?
2) live finishing weight?
3) finishing age?
4) in Canada?

A

1) M and F
2) 1.7-2.5kg
3) ~32-42 days
4) main production category in Canada

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Roaster:
1) sex?
2) live finishing weight?
3) live age?
4) in canada?

A

1) male
2) 3-4.5kg
3) ~50-70 days
4) minimal production in Canada

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

As broilers age, they deposit proportionally more ____ and less ____. Also, tissue growth differs with age. this is called _____ growth.

A

fat
muscle
allometric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

broiler nutrition: feed intake _____ with age.

A

increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Broilers undergo allometric growth (and probably other chickens tooo lol). tell me the 3 broiler growth phases (and ages!) and why are they important?

A
  1. early growth (0-2 weeks)
  2. skeletal muscle groups (2-5+ weeks)
  3. sexual maturation (~18 weeks if full-fed)

important bc nutrient requirements change with different phases, they reflect maintenance and composition of tissue growth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

in the early growth stage for broilers, what tissue groups are growing the fastest/most?

A

intestines, feathers, skeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

in the skeletal muscle groups broiler growth phase, what tissue groups are growing the fastest/most?

A

breast muscle, legs, skeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

at sexual maturation in broilers, there is ____ efficiency because of the energetic cost of fat deposition

A

reduced

(also idk what is meant by efficiency… growth efficiency? feed efficiency? idk the powerpoint didn’t specify lol)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

as broiler body weight increases, diet nutrition level percentage _____.

A

decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

there is an overall _____ in protein and _____ in energy as broilers age.

A

decrease
increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

true or false: the calorie to protein (AA) ratio is important in broiler nutrition

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

the overall decrease in protein in broiler nutrition as they age is due to ???

A

lower AA requirements bc of less protein being deposited proportional to BW and increased feed intake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

the overall increase in energy in broiler nutrition as they age is due to ????

A

higher maintenance requirements
don’t want to limit protein deposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what nutrients change very little with broiler age and species?

A

Na, K, Cl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what nutrients change substantially with broiler age and species?

A

AA, Ca, P = decrease
Energy increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

male and female broilers are fed separately (sex-separate feeding). why?

A

M and F have different growth curves, nutritional requirements, feeding schedule (this is the main difference)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what does it mean when chickens are straight-run?

A

flocks are mixed-sex (chicks aren’t separated by sex)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is a broiler breeder?

A

parents of meat-type chickens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

for broiler breeders, males are selected for what? and females are selected for what?

A

M: growth traits, like growth rate, meat yield, efficiency
F: growth + repro traits, like growth rate, meat yield, efficiency, AND egg laying

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

true or false: hybrid vigour is used in broilers (they are mix of the best male and female lines)

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

true or false: broiler breeders have different potential growth rates as offspring

A

false. they are almost the same

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

if broiler breeders are fed ad lib, what happens?

A

they become too heavy to reproduce, skeletal problems, metabolic problems, fertility problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

BW and reproductive fitness are _____ correlated, within limits

A

inversely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

true or false: it is important to restrict feed intake of broiler breeders

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

how should you feed broiler breeders when they’re immature?

A

full feed for first 2-3 weeks, feed every day for first ~3 weeks with a lower nutrient density feed than for broilers, sexes fed separately

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what is the goal of immature broiler breeder feeding after first ~3 weeks? how is this done overall?

A

maintain uniformity of birds and manage BW
done by skip-a-day feeding, 5/2 feeding, or 4/3 feeding

so like for 5/2 or 4/3 feeding, the schedule repeats weekly and the feeding days are divided among the week

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

for feeding immature broiler breeders, how common is every day feeding? what does it require?

A

less common
require close management, plenty of feeder space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

for broiler breeders, how do you figure out feed schedule and amount if you don’t feed every day?

A

calculate amount of feed required per week
divide that amount of feed by the number of days on feed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what is the trend in metabolizable energy, protein, and nutrient intake in broiler breeders as they age?

A

they stay pretty much the same

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what is the most commonly used broiler breeder?

A

Ross 308

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

broiler breeders:
what is the difference in tissue growth between starters, growers, and pre layers? like which tissues grow fastest/most at each stage?

A

starters; digestive tract, feathers, don’t want excessive muscle development
grower: skeletal development, appropriate fat and muscle deposition
pre-lay: repro tract, skeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what is the difference b/t broiler Breeder 1 and Breeder 2 + 3 in terms of nutrient use?

A

generally, protein = albumen, lipid = yolk, and Ca = eggshell
Breeder 2 + 3 have lower egg production and have reduced Ca metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what is the typical broiler breeder diet for Ross 308 cockerels?

A

starter (0-3 weeks): every day
grower (4-22 weeks): 4/3 or skip a day, or every day
male diet, hen diet, or grower feed (23-65 week): every day

males often fed the same diets as females, bc there are small #s of males in flock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

for male broiler breeder diets (Ross 308, 21-64 weeks), tell me the amount of ME, CP, Ca, and P

A

2600-2800 kcal/kg ME
12-14% CP
0.8% Ca
0.3% P

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what ist he goal for feeding mature hen and rooster broiler breeders?

A

provide nutrients needed for egg production (female) and reproductive activity (female, male)

maintain uniformity of birds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what are some strategies to increase flock uniformity for broiler breeders?

A

adequate feeder space to reduce competition
feed line speed
grading (pullets) - group birds based on weight, feed separately
spin/scatter feeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

how do you house and feed mature broiler breeders?

A

sexes housed together
daily feeding, restricted amount
feed in the morning to encourage mixing of sexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

broiler breeders nutrition: sex-separate feeding is utilized. how do you make sure you can separate the feeding for males and females when they are housed together?

A

male feed line: feeders too high for females to reach

female feed line: feeder openings too narrow for males’ heads

48
Q

what is the relationship between broiler breeder hens being fed ad libitum and their production of follicles?

A

those fed ad libitum have abnormally high numbers of large follicles

49
Q

abnormal ovulation leads to ______ in broiler breeders.

A

multiple hierarchies

50
Q

true or false. broiler breeders being fed ad lib interferes with normal egg development

A

true

51
Q

what is the relationship between feed restriction of broiler breeders and egg production?

A

feed restriction normalizes follicle numbers, which increases egg production

52
Q

true or false: researchers are beginning to question whether feed restriction of broiler breeders has become too severe

A

true

53
Q

what is the trend in total fat % in broiler breeders as years go on? why is this an issue?

A

decreases as years go on - because of feed restriction

need adequate fat deposition to reach sexual maturity

54
Q

what is the relationship between broiler breeder nutrition and hen fertility?

A

nutrient effects on fertility are thought to be minor
BUT
overfeeding can result in obesity –> lowers fertility, less likely to mate
vit/mins have a larger impact on egg production, and if a hen can produce an egg, the egg can probably be fertilized

55
Q

what are the effects of broiler breeder nutrition on hatchability?

A

thought to be minor in the absence of deficiencies/toxicities, but birds may becoming more sensitive

higher protein diets may reduce hatchabiliy (AB has a poor hatchability compared to other provinces)

56
Q

what are the effects of broiler breeder nutrition on chick quality?

A

there are indirect effects of nutrients on the next generation
nutrigenomics

57
Q

what are the effects of nutrition on rooster fertility?

A

overfeeding can result in obesity –> less likely to mate and decreased sperm production and viability

indirect effects of nutrients on next gen (nutrigenomics)

58
Q

how do turkeys differ from chickens in terms of carcass composition + growth curve? why does this matter?

A

turkeys are much leaner, higher carcass protein + water
growth curve is different
this affects how we feed turkeys

59
Q

true or false: turkey nutrition has similar principles as broiler chicken nutrition

A

true

60
Q

true or false: turkeys are grown to lighter body weights than chickens.

A

false. they are grown to heavier body weights

61
Q

true or false: turkeys are grown to an age closer to sexual maturity

A

true

62
Q

true or false: in turkeys, there is a shift towards fat deposition, especially in females

A

true

63
Q

female turkeys are marketed at a _____ age and at a _____ weight than males. what is the consequence of this?

A

younger
lighter
consequence = start to deposit excess fat sooner

64
Q

what is the trend in turkey feed conversion ratios as turkeys age?

A

slow increase then at ~13 weeks there is a sharp increase that continues on

65
Q

tell me the different phases of turkey feeding

A

starter 1
starter 2
grower 1
grower 2
developer 1
developer 2
finisher 1
finisher 2

66
Q

as turkeys get older, what is the trend in ME consumed?

A

increases

67
Q

as turkeys get older, what is the trend in CP consumed? (including AAs)

A

decreases

68
Q

as turkeys get older, what is the trend in Ca and P consumed?

A

decreases

69
Q

for layer pullet nutrition, what are the goals for starter feed?

A

digestive tract, feather development
appropriate growth rate (more concerned about getting enough growth/feed intake)

70
Q

for layer pullet nutrition, what are the goals for grower feed?

A

skeletal development, appropriate fat, muscle deposition

71
Q

for layer pullet nutrition, what are the goals for pre-lay feed? is this phase always used?

A

repro tract, skeletal development
not always used (switch to a start lay diet at ~5% production)

72
Q

for layer pullet nutrition, you need an appropriate body weight, size, and composition _____ sexual maturity

A

before!!!

73
Q

it is important for layer pullet nutrition that the birds have appropriate body weights/sizes/compositions BEFORE sexual maturity. why?

A

larger early eggs
nutrient reserves
less prone to subsequent problems

74
Q

when you start a pre-lay diet for a layer pullet, what is important to consider?

A

the bird should already be at a mature body size
use short feeding times
these diets have too little Ca to support egg production – only use until 5% egg production!

75
Q

for layer pullet nutrition, what is the trend in ME consumed as the bird ages?

A

slightly higher for starters, but then the same for the rest of the time

76
Q

for layer pullet nutrition, what is the trend in CP consumed as the bird ages?

A

decreases

77
Q

what are the goals of feeding programs for layers from sexual maturity to peak daily egg mass?

A

produce large numbers of eggs
produce large eggs

78
Q

during the “sexual maturity to peak daily egg mass” phase of layer feeding, what may happen to feed intake and what’s the consequence?

A

feed intake may be limiting
nutrient reserves may be decreased during this stage

79
Q

what are the goals of feeding programs for layers from peak egg mass to end of production?

A

maintain high numbers of eggs
prevent eggs from becoming too large

80
Q

in the “peak egg mass to end of production” stage of layer feeding, what do larger eggs mean for nutrient mobilization? what are the consequences?

A

larger eggs require greater nutrient mobilization per egg

limitations to nutrient absorption, intake less of a problem, shell quality issues

81
Q

what are the overall laying hen nutrition goals?

A

maintain body composition, support egg production

82
Q

as layer hens get older, what is the trend in CP consumed?

A

decreases

83
Q

in the start lay feeding phase of laying hens, can feed intake be an issue?

A

yes

84
Q

in phases 1, 2, and 3 of laying hen nutrition, what do the Ca metabolism, egg production, and body weight look like?

A

reduced Ca metabolism
lower egg production
gradual increase in BW

85
Q

for production diets, what should you base nutrient levels on?

A

expected intake

86
Q

what is the relationship between expected intake and nutrient concentration?

A

higher intake = lower nutrient concentration
requirements for amounts of nutrients, not %

87
Q

for production diets, you usually make phase changes based on … what? how do you show this mathematically?

A

egg mass output
% egg production x avg egg size = avg daily egg mass

ex. 90% prod x 60 g egg = 54 g/hen/day

88
Q

true or false: for production diets, we usually reduce content (% of diet) of most nutrients after peak egg mass is reached

A

true

89
Q

true or false: for phase feeding generally, we want to think in terms of what the bird needs – amounts of nutrients per day, not the %s of the diet.

A

true

90
Q

what is the source of information for poultry feeding programs? is it good?

A

NRC (1994)
its fine, but limited (old, not strain-specific, requirements base don min nutrient levels to achieve a plateau in growth)

91
Q

apart from the NRC 1994 guide, what other source of information is there for poultry feeding programs? is it good?

A

primary breeder management guides
good coz strain-specific info, more current, and different performance objectives

92
Q

what is the definition of a nutrient?

A

any chemical, element, or compound in the diet that supports normal maintenance of life processes, growth, reproduction, or production of products or work

93
Q

how are micro minerals and vitamins added to poultry diets?

A

added as premix to complete diets

94
Q

what macro minerals are supplemented in poultry diets?

A

Ca, P, Na, (Cl as NaCl)
available P, not total P

95
Q

what two main energy sources are used in poultry feed?

A

wheat - most common on prairies
corn - most common worldwide

96
Q

for poultry nutrition, what do we want from fat supplements?

A

small amounts, high energy

97
Q

what is the world standard protein source for poultry nutrition? what about one that is common on prairies?

A

soybean meal
canola meal

98
Q

animal proteins are used in ____ proportions in diets

A

small

99
Q

true or falsE: commercial-type diets are not suitable for backyard flocks

A

false. they are suitable

100
Q

true or false: since max productivity is not usually hte goal for backyard flocks, lower dietary nutrient density is generally ok

A

true

101
Q

true or false: chickens are turkeys are herbivores

A

FALSE! they are omnivores

102
Q

can poultry forage on a pasture

A

yes but bare dirt won’t provide the nutrients needed by chickens

103
Q

what are some synthetic amino acid supplements you can give poultry?

A

D, L-methionine
L-Lysine HCl
L-threonine
L-tryptophan
L-valine

104
Q

what are some maccromineral supplements used in poultry feed?

A

Ca, P, Na

105
Q

what are some important considerations to remember when using vitamin/mineral premixes?

A

assume no contribution from other ingredients
poultry can tolerate large excesses relative to min requirements (EXCEPT FOR SELENIUM!!!!)
supplement well in excess of requirement

106
Q

what is a common medication that is added to poultry feed ?

A

Coccidiostats

107
Q

what is the standard poultry diet worldwide?

A

corn-soy based

108
Q

what is the standard Western Canada poultry diet?

A

wheat-soy-canola or wheat-soy

109
Q

in the US and Canada, what is the trend concerning antibiotics and coccidiostats being added to poultry feed?

A

being phased out

110
Q

tell me the 3 forms of feed from smallest particle size to largest

A

mash
crumble
pellet

111
Q

true or false: in commercial production, nutritional deficiencies/toxicities are rare

A

true

112
Q

true or false: if a problem occurs in a commercial production, it is usually quite general

A

true
ex. premix not being added

113
Q

true or false: nutritional deficiencies/toxicities are more common in backyard flocks than in commercial productions

A

true

114
Q

true ro false: signs of deficiency in backyard flocks are usually very general

A

true
reduced growth, reduced egg production, reduced hatchability

115
Q

dietary fat is needed for what in poultry nutrition?

A

fat-soluble vitamin absorption

116
Q

what are the fat-soluble vitamins in poultry nutrition? what are the water soluble vitamins?

A

A, D3, E, K
Thiamine, riboflavin, B6, nicotinic acid, pantothenic acid, folic acid, biotin, B12, choline

465 nutrition (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions