Swine 2 Flashcards
what are the 4 stages of pig growth ? with weights
- nursing - 1-8kg
- nursery - 8-25kg
- grower - 25-65 kg
- finisher - 65-130kg
what are the 4 basic feed components?
nutrients (carbs, fat, protein)
amino acids
vitamins
minerals
what are the 4 steps for setting the feed formulation for growing pigs?
- set E needs
- set Lysine AA ratio **
- set other AA ratio to lysine
- add vitamins and minerals
what is the first limiting amino acid for pigs???
L Y S I N E ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
how many amino acids are pigs UNABLE to synthesize? what is the most important one? how do they get these AAs?
9
lysine!
from diet/feed
lysine is set at _____ in the diet. Other amino acids are set as _____ to lysine.
100%
a ratio
what are 3 general pig feed additives that we should know?
enzymes
antibiotics
zinc oxide
what enzymes are added to growing pig feed?
xylanase - helps degrade fibre
phytase - increases phosphorous availability in feed
why are antibiotics added to growing pig feed?
growth promotion banned
used for prevention/control or treatment
why do we add zinc oxide to growing pig diets?
reduces diarrhea (that’s caused by E. coli) - enterocyte maturation
what is the most essential nutrient?
water!
true or false. water is the most consumed nutrient by the pig in terms of amount throughout its lifetime
true
true or false: quality and hygiene of water is not important for heath and productivity of growing pigs.
FALSE!
water is used for pig nutrition (vol, quality) and for barn function (sanitation, cooling). because of this, water has ____ implications.
biosecurity
what are 3 sources of water for pigs?
surface water, well water, and municipal water
why is it better to have a deep well over a shallow well?
less likely to have contaminants get into the well (and thus the water)
what are 5 surface water principles? they may seem obvious but it’s apparently an issue
- fence your surface water reservoir off
- do not spread manure nearby the reservoir
- do not spread manure in run-off zones of the reservoir
- disinfect surface water before it enters the barn
- at minimum - test annually (in AB, seasonally is better)
what are 5 well water principles?
- never spread manure near a wellhead
- never let standing/stagnant water accumulate near a wellhead
- slope the land around wellheads so water drains away
- disinfect water before it enters the barn
- test annually
what are 4 water line principles?
- remove biofilm and disinfect the cistern tanks
- remove biofilm and disinfect the water head tanks
- remove biofilm with every AIAO batch
- should be disinfected with every AIAO batch
AIAO: all-in-all-out –> pigs are kept together through their growth phases, and once they leave, you should disinfect everything before the next batch comes through
true or false: pigs learn to drink better if you give cups
true
true or false: water nipples must have the correct flow rate for the pig size
true
will disinfection systems (H2O2 or ClO2) remove biofilm? if no, how do you best manage biofilm?
no, but they will “maintain” the lines with minimal biofilm accumulation
use detergent in the water lines for best management
with water medication or vaccination tanks, what is the risk? what must you do if you have these?
contamination pathway
must remove biofilm and disinfect, flush after disinfection
what is the primary concern you are looking for when testing water storage systems (tanks and cisterns)? remember, you want to test water minimum annually
looking for coliforms, but also other pathogens of concern
tell me how alkaline and acid detergents differ
alkaline: effective in removing organic soils, fats, oils, proteins, starches, carbs
acid: effective in removing water scale (Ca, Mg, Fe) from mineralization
chlorine is an excellent ______. Hydrogen peroxide is an excellent ____.
disinfectant
oxidizer
which is the standard for pig farms, continuous or shock treatment disinfection?
continuous
true or false: continuous disinfection and shock treatment disinfection are both important but are different
true
water for pigs:
1. max ____ pigs/drinker
2. flow rate?
3. ____ mg/L total solids in drinking H2O
4. amount?
5. what is the trend as pigs get older for how much water they drink?
6. what stage of pig drinks the most water?
- 10
- 1L/min
- <3000
- 8-10%
- they drink more water as they age (nursery = 3L/day; finisher = 10L/day)
- sow/boar (18L/day)
true or false: soy and canola move viruses well (like in shipping and transport)
true
true or false: there was a big kerfuffle within the vet/nutritionist community on whether or not to remove blood plasma from feed
true
blood plasma is really good nutritionally, but there is a risk of contamination
can you feed animal/animal-by products to pigs?
nope
international shipping ports become ______. how?
secondary control zones
feed sits in a heated 20C building for 30 days that on paper inactivates everything
what are the recommended holding times for feed? what 4 factors are important to remember for determining holding times?
20C for 20 days (we do 30 days in AB? Can? not sure)
10C for 100 days (not done, too long)
time, temp, ingredient, virus
how do you mitigate feed risk?
time, heat, irradiation (UV, gamma, xrays, electron beam), chemical (formalin, organic acids, MCFA)
chemical - we don’t use in Canada because consumers don’t want it
healthy piglets are mixed into groups of variable size (25-35kg) and a range of ages (16-28 days old) when weaning and moved to a nursery. what is the result?
weaning stress, mixing of immunity
think about human daycare
what is the difference between sow’s milk and nursery ration in terms of fat content?
sow: 45%
nursery: 11%
how does digestive enzyme activity of young swines work as they get older?
decrease lactase activity
lipase pretty stable
increase amylase, maltase, protease activity
how is nursery feeding done?
ad lib feeding to maximize intake
nursery feeding accounts for _____ of total feed cost to market hog.
10-15%
what are the nursery feeding phases? (phase feeding) from youngest to oldest
Creep: < 6kg, pre-weaning
Starter 1: 6-7 kg, 5-8 days old
Starter 2: 7-12kg, 2 weeks old
Starter 3: 12-20kg, 3 weeks old
for weaners under 15kg, you should use more ___ based products because they have an underdeveloped digestive tract
milk
what are the 3 main components of a weaner diet?
lactose sources
CHO/fat sources
protein sources
what are some CHO/fat sources for a weaner diet?
oat groats (not robust so not used in finisher diet)
corn
wheat
veggie oil
what is the trend for lactose sources as the piglets get older?
reduce milk as piglets get older
phase 1 > phase 2 > > phase 3
list the lactose sources for weaner diets, from highest/best lactose + protein composition
lactose
whey protein
whey permeate
what is the trend for protein sources as the piglets get older?
increase protein as they get older
phase 3 > phase 2 > > phase 1
what is important to remember about protein sources in nursery feeds?
regardless of protein content in phase 1 (or any phase really), ensure enough lysine!
why is there less protein in phase 1 of nursery feeding
digestion
list some protein sources for weaner diets from best/highest protein composition to lowest
soy protein isolate > soy protein concentrate > soy meal > spray dried eggs
increasing lysine in the starter diets will _____ ADG. why?
increase (up to a point)
protein building blocks
lysine levels can then stay steady after starter diets
what is the trend in energy sources included in weaner diets as the pig gets older?
increases as they get older
phase 3 > phase 2 > > phase 1
DON’T USE TOO MUCH GRAIN IN PHASE 1! why?
impairs performance
why use grain as an energy source?
cheap
keep cost down
what is the goal for grower-finisher feeding?
maximize protein deposition and keep cost down
feed is ____ of production cost during the grower/finisher stage. _____ of feed is consumed from 30kg to market. hogs are marketed at _____.
70%
> 85%
125-130 kg
in the grower-finisher stage, tell me about lean growth and fat growth trends
lean growth increases then plateaus
fat growth increases to market weight
what is the advantage and disadvantage of split sex feeding for the grower-finisher stage?
A: more uniform growth in finishing
D: costly and more work
tell me about Improvast vaccine. what is it? do most producers use it?
- vaccine that binds GnRH, used so people don’t have to castrate males
- 2 doses (first at end of nursery phase, 2nd 6-8 weeks before market)
- not chemical castration, 2nd dose is the “magic dose” (?!)
- most producers use it on both males and females (males grow faster with more lean meat bc of testosterone, females don’t cycle/estrus and will grow more consistently)
what is the target temp for finishing pigs?
15-17 C
What 5 considerations do you have to take into account when looking at grower-finisher feeder design?
- wet vs dry feeder
- single vs multi-space feeders
- feeder space dimensions
- # pigs/feeder space
- feeder gap adjustment
why use a wet feeder for grower-finisher?
pigs can mix their feed with water and basically make like oatmeal
is there a difference in feed efficiency between single and multi-space feeders?
no
why do you need to consider feeder gap adjustment when looking at a feeder design?
too wide = wastage
pigs will stick nose in and flick it everywhere
too narrow = limits feed and growth
how do grower and finisher diets differ in terms of low energy cereals, like barley and oats?
use less in grower than finisher, since higher E diets have higher ADG
you should ____ unsaturated fats for finishers.
limit
true or false. you should use similar feedstuffs for diets (keep pigs on feed from grower to finisher)
true
supplemental fat ____ ADG but also _____ cost.
increases (both)
what is the relationship between feed and play behaviour?
better nourished pigs played more
pigs are ____.
foragers
they root around
can outdoor pigs (or any pig for that matter) be raised on pasture alone?
nope
they require additional feed for proper growth and development
should you feed your pig fresh feed every day?
yes.
what are some examples of ingredients used in outdoor pig feed?
grains, bEaNS and bean by-products (think soy), plasma (not really used), mineral/vitamin supplements, grain by-products from alcohol prod (DDGs)
what type of feed is suggested to use for outdoor pigs?
complete feed
a single, completely balanced ration that includes all necessary nutrients
if you feed a single grain diet for outdoor pigs, you must add a ____ to ensure pigs are receiving a balanced diet.
supplement (vit/min)
if you feed a home-made diet for outdoor pigs, you must add a ____ to ensure pigs are receiving a balanced diet, and you have to make sure NOT TO FEED PIGS MEAT SCRAPS!!!!
supplement (vit/min)
