Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

465 nutrition > Swine 1 > Flashcards

Swine 1 Flashcards

1
Q

pigs ____ (can/cannot) be raised on pasture alone. Why/why not?

A

cannot
they need additional feed for proper growth/development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Pig diets are balanced to the level of _____.

A

amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

are you allowed to feed swine meat, meat-by-products, or food that is suspected to contain meat/meat-by-products?

A

nope
but lots of peeps have forgotten this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

why is feeding meat/meat-by-products illegal for pigs?

A

viruses (FMD!) can survive in prepared meat products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are essential amino acids?

A

AAs that cannot be synthesized by the body, but are needed to form proteins
need to get them from diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how many AAs are pigs UNABLE to synthesize?

A

9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the first limiting amino acid for pigs?

A

LYSINE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the 5 different stages of the sow cycle? why do we have to know this for nutrition?

A

gilt introduction –> mating –> gestation –> farrowing –> lactation

all require different nutritional strategies to keep sows and piglets happy and healthy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

when is a gilt ready to breed? age, BCS, weight

A

age: 220-270 days (7-9 months)
BCS: 3-3.5
weight: 130-170kg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

tell me 7 things that affect puberty onset in pigs

A

housing, movement, lighting, genetics, boar exposure, feed intake, feed quality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

are hormones allowed in Canadian pigs?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

true or false. you should never breed after first estrus.

A

true. results in better longevity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what happens when you breed gilts too skinny?

A

weak and low weaning weight
poor return to estrus
smaller subsequent litter size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what happens when you breed gilts too fat?

A

anestrus
dystocia
decreased appetite in lactation
poor milk production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

tell me the differences between feeding breeding gilts and feeding market gilts

A

breeding: adequate bone growth, repro tract growth, sound feet/legs
market: ADG, feed efficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

for feeding breeding gilts, you should _____ Ca:P by 0.1%, increase vitamins ____, _____, _____, and ______. You should increase minerals ____, ____, ____, and increase amino acid ____.

A

increase
folic acid, biotin, riboflavin, vitamin E
Cu, Zn, Se
lysine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

You should NOT restrict the feed of gilts. Restricting feed can result in:

A

delayed puberty
lameness issues from reduced Ca:P intake
reproductive issues due to low back reserves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

tell me the crude protein, lysine, and Ca:P for breeding gilts

A

CP: 14% min
lysine: 0.7%
Ca:P: 0.95%:0.8%
important to know I think

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the total feed intake of breeding gilts?

A

ad lib until service

** important to know**

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

are gestation stalls good? what is the new legislation around them?

A

not good
by 2024, all mated gilts/sows must be housed in groups, in individual pens, or in stalls that allow them to turn around

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Loose sow housing is better for welfare, but harder to manage feed. how do you mitigate this?

A

electronic sow feeders – feed individual to her needs in loose sow housing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the goals for feeding the gestating sow?

A

meet maintenance requirements, maintain BCS (3-3.5), meet needs for fetus and placenta growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how do you measure BCS of pig?

A

visually or U/S backfat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

DO NOT OVERFEED SOWS DURING GESTATION. overfeeding can lead to:

A

decreased feed consumption during lactation
poor udder development
reduced milk production
excessive weight loss in lactation
reduced herd longevity
stillbirth (due to sows tiring during parturition)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

in these situations, what should you do to feed?
1) sow is small or skinny
2) sow is >90 days in gestation
3) sow is known to have large litters

A

increase feed (for all)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is the approximation we should use to calculate how much to feed the gestating sow FOR MAINTENANCE?

A

30 x BW = kcal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

does changing lysine affect piglet birth weight? what is ideal piglet birth weight?

A

yes
1.5kg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

how do we determine how much to feed a gestating sow? (i.e what factors go into determining how much a sow needs to eat?)

A

daily feed = maintenance + back fat gains + fetal growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are the CP, lysine, and Ca:P requirements for a pregnant sow?

A

CP: 13%
lysine: 0.6%
Ca:P: 0.95%:0.8%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what should total feed intake for pregnant sows be?

A

~2.7kg/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Younger parity animals need more ____ and more ____ than older parity. Later in gestation, require more ___ and _____.

A

lysine, calcium (for both)

32
Q

as the sow gets further along in gestation, what happens to her feed (trend?)

A

little adjustment and then an increase, generally

33
Q

over feeding days 0-2 after breeding and between days 75-90 is especially detrimental in gilts. true or false?

A

true

34
Q

for sows that have a high pre-weaning mortality, what can you do to improve energy stores and survivability in piglets?

A

feed sows increased fat in last 2-3 weeks of gestation

35
Q

if you reduce sow feed intake >50% what happens to piglet birth weight?

A

it’s greatly reduced

36
Q

true or false: increasing gestating sow nutrient intake improves piglet performance

A

FALSE
it does not

37
Q

why do we use farrowing crates?

A

pre-weaning mortality greatly reduced
metal bars slow sow from lying down and squishing babies

38
Q

what are the goals for feeding lactating sows?

A

meet maintenance requirements
avoid NEB
optimize litter performance

39
Q

you should feed lactating sows ____ energy, _____ fat, and ____ lysine. You should _____ high fibre.

A

high, increased, increased.
avoid (because we don’t need to limit how much she eats, she can eat as much as she wants to)

40
Q

DO NOT UNDERFEED NURSING SOWS! low feed intake in lactation can lead to:

A

extended wean to serve interval
smaller subsequent litter size
high culling rate of sows

41
Q

what is the general rule (equation) for feeding lactating sows per day? is this realistically used?

A

1.5kg for sow, 0.5gk per piglet

ex. 12 piglets:
1.5 + (0.5x12) = 7.5kg/day

not realistically used, commercially we keep the feeder full at all times (ad lib)

42
Q

Tell me 5 ways to maximize a sow’s intake during lactation

A
  1. increase protein in feed
  2. feed more than once/day
  3. pelleted feed
  4. water (1L/min flow rate) OR wet feed
  5. temperature 18-21 C
43
Q

When boars reach puberty, their fertility is ____. When boars become sexually mature, their fertility is _____.

A

Low
Good

44
Q

What are the goals for feeding the boar?

A

meet maintenance requirements
maintain body size for sows
maintain energy for work

45
Q

what is the general rule for feeding boars?

A

2.5kg/day

46
Q

DO NOT OVERFEED BOARS! overfeeding boars can lead to:

A

reduced libido

47
Q

DO NOT OVERLY RESTRICT FEED FOR BOARS! Restricting feed can lead to:

A

low energy/low mounting
reduced semen volume/sperm production

48
Q

tell me the requirements for CP, lysine, and Ca:P ratio for boars

A

CP: 13%
Lysine: 0.6%
Ca:P: 0.95%:0.8%

49
Q

total feed intake for boars should be…?

A

Ad lib until mature

50
Q

when are trace mineral nutritional needs highest?

A

late gestation and lactation

51
Q

what are the 3 important trance minerals and why are they important?

A

Cu, Mn, Zn
they can be under/over fed

52
Q

Zinc:
1. why is it important?
2. what happens in pig if Zn deficient?
3. what happens in pig if Zn toxicity?

A
  1. maintenance and reproduction, skin and claw development, function of many enzymes, immunological processes
  2. parakeratosis, loss of appetite, poor growth/development, impaired sex development
  3. growth depression, GI inflammation, joint/bone probs, hemorrhages
53
Q

Copper:
1. why is it important?
2. what happens in pig if Cu deficient?
3. what happens in pig if Cu toxicity?

A
  1. function of many enzymes, development of bone + connective tissue + collagen + hemoglobin, immune function, antioxidant, interacts with iron to enhance iron absorption from GIT and movement to liver
  2. reduced growth, nervous disorders (incoordination), bone abnormalities, heart issues, anemia
  3. impaired growth, anemia, jaundice, death (prevent by giving extra Zn and iron)
54
Q

Manganese:
1. why is it important?
2. what happens in pig if Mn deficient?
3. what happens in pig if Mn toxicity?

A
  1. metabolic enzyme function, bone development, reproduction, Zn + Mn essential for proper bone/claw development, not available from natural grain sources!
  2. impaired growth, lameness, enlarged hocks, crooked/shortened legs, irregular repro cycle, poor mammary development, lower lactational performance
  3. reduced appetite + growth, anemia, abdominal discomfort, abortions, cystic ovaries
55
Q

Why is colostrum VITAL AND VERY IMPORTANT????!!!!!

A

gives piglets:
- nutrition (fat, sugars, protein, vitamins/minerals)
- maturation of GIT (growth factors)
- uterine gland development
- thermoregulation
- immunity

immunity, nutrition, heat, growth (in general terms)

56
Q

we want piglets to consume first colostrum in the first _____ ideally. The best colostrum comes in the first ____. We want to maximize colostrum intake within the first ____.

A

15 mins
4 hours
6-12 hours

57
Q

what is the only way to avoid mortality in piglets up to 14 days old?

A

influencing lactogenic immunity

58
Q

tell me the trends in colostrum quality from farrowing to 24 hours

A

time of colostrum quality decline starts at farrowing (birth order is important!) – first born piglets have better quality colostrum (farrowing can last 7-12 hours omg)

3 hours: Ig’s decreased by 30%
6-7 hours: Ig’s decreased by 50%
12 hours: Ig’s decreased by 70%
24 hours: Ig’s remain at 10% original concentration

59
Q

when does lactogenesis start?

A

2-3 weeks prior to farrowing

60
Q

____ levels reduce rapidly as _____ progresses (not ______).

A

IgG
farrowing
suckling

61
Q

true or false: piglets can take colostrum from any sow, just as long as it’s colostrum.

A

NO FALSE BAD!!!!! piglets only response to mother’s lymphocytes/immune cells and will NOT get useful T cells from other mother’s.

if you have a large litter, you can give to other sow, but you have to ensure that the piglets get colostrum from own mother

62
Q

what temp do just-born piglets need to be in?

A

30-35 C

63
Q

1) During parturition, _____ can be easily expressed form teats and sows nurse _____. This is called “_____”.
2) sows nurse continuously from start of farrowing to ______.
3) Colostrum available for _____ post partum, then turns to _____.

A

1) colostrum, continuously, free milk
2) 11-12 hours
3) 24-30 hours, milk

64
Q

after 12 hours of parturition, sows move to what method of colostrum/milk letdown?

A

distinct ejection

65
Q

after farrowing, when does milk letdown occur?

A

every 20 mins

66
Q

when do piglets’ guts no longer able to absorb immunoglobulins from colostrum?

A

after 48 hours of being born

67
Q

true or false: colostrum intake is associated with survival.

A

true

intake <400 g in 24 hours lead to rapid increase in mortality

68
Q

true or false: colostrum intake impacts weaning weight/grow finish performance

A

true

69
Q

1) what is the main limiting factor of colostrum intake?
2) how much colostrum can she produce?
3) what is the intake of colostrum per piglet?
4) what is the relationship between colostrum intake level and mortality?

A

1) sow
2) 2.8-8kg
3) 200-400g
4) <200g =6x increase in mortality

70
Q

what factors contribute to a piglet getting low colostrum intake?

A

low birth weight/large litter size
born late in farrowing sequence
infrequent suckling
sampling only a few teats
chilling (??? idk what this is lol)

71
Q

is teat order important in relation to colostrum quality? how specifically does/doesn’t it?

A

yes
milk quality better in the front teats, dramatically declines with the back teats
increased fat and protein the further front the teat

72
Q

do piglets follow teat order? when does teat order get established? when sow turns over, what happens? what happens to unused teats?

A

yes they do (90% consistency, with less consistency with larger litters) (10% of piglets use >1 teat, multiple teats more common in small litters)
w/i 3 days
teat order is conserved
regress

73
Q

what does a stable teat order do for piglets?

A

results in more uniform growth

74
Q

How does teat location affect piglet behaviour?

A

piglets that start on the first two pairs of teats stay on them
piglets that start further back tend to look around for another teat

75
Q

how does teat location impact weaning weight, survival, nursing activity?

A

the further front the teat, the higher all of these factors

76
Q

true or false: low day 1 immunocrit (low colostrum intake) is associated with reduced growth, increased age at puberty, reduced # born alive in future litters, reduced litter average immunocrit in future litters, reduced litter average preweaning growth rate during lactation.

A

true

77
Q

true or false. birth weight is used to select replacements

A

true

465 nutrition (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions