Swine 1 Flashcards
pigs ____ (can/cannot) be raised on pasture alone. Why/why not?
cannot
they need additional feed for proper growth/development
Pig diets are balanced to the level of _____.
amino acids
are you allowed to feed swine meat, meat-by-products, or food that is suspected to contain meat/meat-by-products?
nope
but lots of peeps have forgotten this
why is feeding meat/meat-by-products illegal for pigs?
viruses (FMD!) can survive in prepared meat products
What are essential amino acids?
AAs that cannot be synthesized by the body, but are needed to form proteins
need to get them from diet
how many AAs are pigs UNABLE to synthesize?
9
what is the first limiting amino acid for pigs?
LYSINE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
what are the 5 different stages of the sow cycle? why do we have to know this for nutrition?
gilt introduction –> mating –> gestation –> farrowing –> lactation
all require different nutritional strategies to keep sows and piglets happy and healthy
when is a gilt ready to breed? age, BCS, weight
age: 220-270 days (7-9 months)
BCS: 3-3.5
weight: 130-170kg
tell me 7 things that affect puberty onset in pigs
housing, movement, lighting, genetics, boar exposure, feed intake, feed quality
are hormones allowed in Canadian pigs?
no
true or false. you should never breed after first estrus.
true. results in better longevity
what happens when you breed gilts too skinny?
weak and low weaning weight
poor return to estrus
smaller subsequent litter size
what happens when you breed gilts too fat?
anestrus
dystocia
decreased appetite in lactation
poor milk production
tell me the differences between feeding breeding gilts and feeding market gilts
breeding: adequate bone growth, repro tract growth, sound feet/legs
market: ADG, feed efficiency
for feeding breeding gilts, you should _____ Ca:P by 0.1%, increase vitamins ____, _____, _____, and ______. You should increase minerals ____, ____, ____, and increase amino acid ____.
increase
folic acid, biotin, riboflavin, vitamin E
Cu, Zn, Se
lysine
You should NOT restrict the feed of gilts. Restricting feed can result in:
delayed puberty
lameness issues from reduced Ca:P intake
reproductive issues due to low back reserves
tell me the crude protein, lysine, and Ca:P for breeding gilts
CP: 14% min
lysine: 0.7%
Ca:P: 0.95%:0.8%
important to know I think
what is the total feed intake of breeding gilts?
ad lib until service
** important to know**
are gestation stalls good? what is the new legislation around them?
not good
by 2024, all mated gilts/sows must be housed in groups, in individual pens, or in stalls that allow them to turn around
Loose sow housing is better for welfare, but harder to manage feed. how do you mitigate this?
electronic sow feeders – feed individual to her needs in loose sow housing
what are the goals for feeding the gestating sow?
meet maintenance requirements, maintain BCS (3-3.5), meet needs for fetus and placenta growth
how do you measure BCS of pig?
visually or U/S backfat
DO NOT OVERFEED SOWS DURING GESTATION. overfeeding can lead to:
decreased feed consumption during lactation
poor udder development
reduced milk production
excessive weight loss in lactation
reduced herd longevity
stillbirth (due to sows tiring during parturition)
in these situations, what should you do to feed?
1) sow is small or skinny
2) sow is >90 days in gestation
3) sow is known to have large litters
increase feed (for all)
what is the approximation we should use to calculate how much to feed the gestating sow FOR MAINTENANCE?
30 x BW = kcal
does changing lysine affect piglet birth weight? what is ideal piglet birth weight?
yes
1.5kg
how do we determine how much to feed a gestating sow? (i.e what factors go into determining how much a sow needs to eat?)
daily feed = maintenance + back fat gains + fetal growth
what are the CP, lysine, and Ca:P requirements for a pregnant sow?
CP: 13%
lysine: 0.6%
Ca:P: 0.95%:0.8%
what should total feed intake for pregnant sows be?
~2.7kg/day
Younger parity animals need more ____ and more ____ than older parity. Later in gestation, require more ___ and _____.
lysine, calcium (for both)
as the sow gets further along in gestation, what happens to her feed (trend?)
little adjustment and then an increase, generally
over feeding days 0-2 after breeding and between days 75-90 is especially detrimental in gilts. true or false?
true
for sows that have a high pre-weaning mortality, what can you do to improve energy stores and survivability in piglets?
feed sows increased fat in last 2-3 weeks of gestation
if you reduce sow feed intake >50% what happens to piglet birth weight?
it’s greatly reduced
true or false: increasing gestating sow nutrient intake improves piglet performance
FALSE
it does not
why do we use farrowing crates?
pre-weaning mortality greatly reduced
metal bars slow sow from lying down and squishing babies
what are the goals for feeding lactating sows?
meet maintenance requirements
avoid NEB
optimize litter performance
you should feed lactating sows ____ energy, _____ fat, and ____ lysine. You should _____ high fibre.
high, increased, increased.
avoid (because we don’t need to limit how much she eats, she can eat as much as she wants to)
DO NOT UNDERFEED NURSING SOWS! low feed intake in lactation can lead to:
extended wean to serve interval
smaller subsequent litter size
high culling rate of sows
what is the general rule (equation) for feeding lactating sows per day? is this realistically used?
1.5kg for sow, 0.5gk per piglet
ex. 12 piglets:
1.5 + (0.5x12) = 7.5kg/day
not realistically used, commercially we keep the feeder full at all times (ad lib)
Tell me 5 ways to maximize a sow’s intake during lactation
- increase protein in feed
- feed more than once/day
- pelleted feed
- water (1L/min flow rate) OR wet feed
- temperature 18-21 C
When boars reach puberty, their fertility is ____. When boars become sexually mature, their fertility is _____.
Low
Good
What are the goals for feeding the boar?
meet maintenance requirements
maintain body size for sows
maintain energy for work
what is the general rule for feeding boars?
2.5kg/day
DO NOT OVERFEED BOARS! overfeeding boars can lead to:
reduced libido
DO NOT OVERLY RESTRICT FEED FOR BOARS! Restricting feed can lead to:
low energy/low mounting
reduced semen volume/sperm production
tell me the requirements for CP, lysine, and Ca:P ratio for boars
CP: 13%
Lysine: 0.6%
Ca:P: 0.95%:0.8%
total feed intake for boars should be…?
Ad lib until mature
when are trace mineral nutritional needs highest?
late gestation and lactation
what are the 3 important trance minerals and why are they important?
Cu, Mn, Zn
they can be under/over fed
Zinc:
1. why is it important?
2. what happens in pig if Zn deficient?
3. what happens in pig if Zn toxicity?
- maintenance and reproduction, skin and claw development, function of many enzymes, immunological processes
- parakeratosis, loss of appetite, poor growth/development, impaired sex development
- growth depression, GI inflammation, joint/bone probs, hemorrhages
Copper:
1. why is it important?
2. what happens in pig if Cu deficient?
3. what happens in pig if Cu toxicity?
- function of many enzymes, development of bone + connective tissue + collagen + hemoglobin, immune function, antioxidant, interacts with iron to enhance iron absorption from GIT and movement to liver
- reduced growth, nervous disorders (incoordination), bone abnormalities, heart issues, anemia
- impaired growth, anemia, jaundice, death (prevent by giving extra Zn and iron)
Manganese:
1. why is it important?
2. what happens in pig if Mn deficient?
3. what happens in pig if Mn toxicity?
- metabolic enzyme function, bone development, reproduction, Zn + Mn essential for proper bone/claw development, not available from natural grain sources!
- impaired growth, lameness, enlarged hocks, crooked/shortened legs, irregular repro cycle, poor mammary development, lower lactational performance
- reduced appetite + growth, anemia, abdominal discomfort, abortions, cystic ovaries
Why is colostrum VITAL AND VERY IMPORTANT????!!!!!
gives piglets:
- nutrition (fat, sugars, protein, vitamins/minerals)
- maturation of GIT (growth factors)
- uterine gland development
- thermoregulation
- immunity
immunity, nutrition, heat, growth (in general terms)
we want piglets to consume first colostrum in the first _____ ideally. The best colostrum comes in the first ____. We want to maximize colostrum intake within the first ____.
15 mins
4 hours
6-12 hours
what is the only way to avoid mortality in piglets up to 14 days old?
influencing lactogenic immunity
tell me the trends in colostrum quality from farrowing to 24 hours
time of colostrum quality decline starts at farrowing (birth order is important!) – first born piglets have better quality colostrum (farrowing can last 7-12 hours omg)
3 hours: Ig’s decreased by 30%
6-7 hours: Ig’s decreased by 50%
12 hours: Ig’s decreased by 70%
24 hours: Ig’s remain at 10% original concentration
when does lactogenesis start?
2-3 weeks prior to farrowing
____ levels reduce rapidly as _____ progresses (not ______).
IgG
farrowing
suckling
true or false: piglets can take colostrum from any sow, just as long as it’s colostrum.
NO FALSE BAD!!!!! piglets only response to mother’s lymphocytes/immune cells and will NOT get useful T cells from other mother’s.
if you have a large litter, you can give to other sow, but you have to ensure that the piglets get colostrum from own mother
what temp do just-born piglets need to be in?
30-35 C
1) During parturition, _____ can be easily expressed form teats and sows nurse _____. This is called “_____”.
2) sows nurse continuously from start of farrowing to ______.
3) Colostrum available for _____ post partum, then turns to _____.
1) colostrum, continuously, free milk
2) 11-12 hours
3) 24-30 hours, milk
after 12 hours of parturition, sows move to what method of colostrum/milk letdown?
distinct ejection
after farrowing, when does milk letdown occur?
every 20 mins
when do piglets’ guts no longer able to absorb immunoglobulins from colostrum?
after 48 hours of being born
true or false: colostrum intake is associated with survival.
true
intake <400 g in 24 hours lead to rapid increase in mortality
true or false: colostrum intake impacts weaning weight/grow finish performance
true
1) what is the main limiting factor of colostrum intake?
2) how much colostrum can she produce?
3) what is the intake of colostrum per piglet?
4) what is the relationship between colostrum intake level and mortality?
1) sow
2) 2.8-8kg
3) 200-400g
4) <200g =6x increase in mortality
what factors contribute to a piglet getting low colostrum intake?
low birth weight/large litter size
born late in farrowing sequence
infrequent suckling
sampling only a few teats
chilling (??? idk what this is lol)
is teat order important in relation to colostrum quality? how specifically does/doesn’t it?
yes
milk quality better in the front teats, dramatically declines with the back teats
increased fat and protein the further front the teat
do piglets follow teat order? when does teat order get established? when sow turns over, what happens? what happens to unused teats?
yes they do (90% consistency, with less consistency with larger litters) (10% of piglets use >1 teat, multiple teats more common in small litters)
w/i 3 days
teat order is conserved
regress
what does a stable teat order do for piglets?
results in more uniform growth
How does teat location affect piglet behaviour?
piglets that start on the first two pairs of teats stay on them
piglets that start further back tend to look around for another teat
how does teat location impact weaning weight, survival, nursing activity?
the further front the teat, the higher all of these factors
true or false: low day 1 immunocrit (low colostrum intake) is associated with reduced growth, increased age at puberty, reduced # born alive in future litters, reduced litter average immunocrit in future litters, reduced litter average preweaning growth rate during lactation.
true
true or false. birth weight is used to select replacements
true
