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dairy remaining flashcards

1
Q

effect of corn grain processing:
1. rank the following according to increasing total digestible nutrients: cracked, ground, high-moisture, steam-flaked
2. with the 4 types of corn above, tell me how they rank with rate of fermentation, ruminal digestion, and intestinal digestion.

A
  1. cracked, ground, high-moisture, steam-flaked
  2. rate of fermentation & ruminal digestion: increasing from cracked, ground, high moisture, steam-flaked
    intestinal digestion increasing from steam-flaked, high-moisture, ground, cracked
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2
Q

how are NDF required and NFC concentrations correlated?

A

they are negatively correlated

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3
Q

As minimum forage NDF goes down, minimum dietary NDF goes ____, max. dietary NFC goes ____, and min. dietary ADF goes ____.

A

up, down, up

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4
Q

The NDF concentration in the diet must be ____ when the forage is finely chopped

A

higher

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5
Q

diets that are formulated at the min. concentration of NDF are:

A

should be based on actual composition of feedstuffs; forage with adequate particle size (>3mm, between 0.5cm-3cm mean particle size); grain source processing; fed as TMR; be careful with errors in mixing and feed delivery

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6
Q

in terms of NDF, what should NOT be considered the optimal concentration?

A

minimum recommended concentration of NDF

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7
Q

What provides NDF in a form that is distinctly different from NDF in non forage?

A

forages that are long or coarsely chopped
ex. soy hulls, wheat midds, beet pulp, corn gluten feed

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8
Q

NDF from grain sources are also considered what?

A

non forage fiber sources

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9
Q

most sources of non forage NDF are significantly ____ effective at maintaining milk fat % than are forages

A

less

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10
Q

what is effective NDF (eNDF)?

A

the sun total ability of the NDF in a feed to replace the NDF in forage or roughage in a ration so that the % of milk fat is maintained

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11
Q

What is the average effective value NDF from non forage?

A

50% of that of NDF from forage
whole linted cottonseed may be considered an exception

he mentioned calculations here, but I really dont’ get it. you divide by 2? idk why he never explained it

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12
Q

what is physically effective NDF (peNDF)?

A

the physical characteristics of NDF (primarily particle size) that affect chewing activity and the biphasic (stratification, we want to see this) nature of ruminal contents

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13
Q

what is the formula for peNDF?

A

peNDF as a % of DM = NDF x pef

per = physical effectiveness factor

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14
Q

peNDF should be _____ of ration DM for lactating dairy cows

A

> 21-22%

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15
Q

how do you know the pef of a thing?

A

use the recommended particle size using the Penn State Separator

ideally we want a distribution between the different screens (>19mm, 8mm, 4mm, <4mm)

** proportion of the diet that is retained on the screens >4mm **

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16
Q

the available of carbohydrate with fast degradation in the rumen (ie NFC) will:

A

increase microbial protein synthesis
increase the supply of metabolize protein to the animal

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17
Q

lowered NFC results in _____ microbial protein synthesis, which results in ____ metabolizable protein supply, which results in ____ milk protein production

A

lowered, lowered, lowered

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18
Q

how do you make sure that cows are eating the right stuff/properly? think generally, like very generally

A

look at the feed and look at the poop

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19
Q

maintaining the NDF minimum promotes ___, which has an effect on the ______.

A

rumen health
longevity of the cow

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20
Q

maintaining the NFC minimum promotes ____, which ________ & ______. It also __________.

A

ruminal fermentation, which increases VFA and microbial protein synthesis

increases milk yield and milk protein

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21
Q

the requirement of NFC is one that will:

A

supply energy needs to the animal
supply energy needs of the rumen microbiota

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22
Q

what is the optimal range for NFC (% of DM)?

A

38-40% of DM

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23
Q

what is the min-max range of NFC (% of DM)?

A

30%-45% (lower than 30% is insufficient, which leads to lower milk yield and protein) the max is there to prevent ruminal acidosis

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24
Q

** excess of NFC will ____ ruminal pH, which promotes _______, which ____ mild yield and fat content

A

lower
subclinical or clinical acidosis
lowers

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25
Q

describe protein metabolism in the rumen. what happens when there’s not enough carbs/energy in the diet? why do you want to maximize microbial growth in the rumen?

A

true protein + NPN go in, broken down by microbes into amino acids & ammonia. ammonia is used by microbes to grow

if there’s not enough carbs/energy in diet, microbes start to ferment protein to get energy

maximize microbial growth = using lots of ammonia to supply –> have extra amino acids and ammonia, which can then be used by the animal

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26
Q

what is metabolizable protein?

A

true protein that is digested postruminally and the component AA absorbed by the intestine

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27
Q

how do you calculate metabolizable protein (MP?)

A

MP = microbial protein + RUP, endogenous protein

RUP = rumen undegradable protein –> protein that isn’t degraded by the rumen and is available for animal use

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28
Q

what is the minimum amount of N-NH3 that you have to have in the rumen to have microbial growth so that the animal can get some protein from the diet?

A

5 mg N-NH3/dL in rumen fluid
around 7% CP in the diet

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29
Q

what is the range typically seen of N-NH3 in rumen fluid?

A

1-40 mg N-NH3/dL

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30
Q

what is the amount of N-NH3 you have to have to maximize microbial protein synthesis to make sure the animal gets some protein for itself?

A

~22 mg N-NH3/dL in rumen fluid
this is where we want to be

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31
Q

the more organic matter fermented in the rumen, the _____ microbial protein synthesis we get.

A

more, up to a point! there’s a plateau at around 25 kg of OM

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32
Q

what is the impact on milk production on how much microbial protein needs to be synthesized?

A

the more milk is produced, the more microbial protein needs to be synthesized

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33
Q

rank the order of these 4 things in ascending order of efficiency of ruminal microbial protein synthesis:
NDF, sucrose, pectin, starch

A

NDF, sucrose, pectin, starch

the difference between sucrose and pectin is very little, but the difference between NDF and starch is staggering

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34
Q

NFC type can alter _______ and thus ______.

A

microbial CP yield, animal performance

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35
Q

what are the 3 limiting amino acids for lactating cows?

A

lysine, methionine, histidine

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36
Q

when do you have to supplement Met, Lis, and His?

A

Met: when majority of the RUP is supplied by oilseed meal or animal protein
Lis: when majority of RUP originates from corn and/or its by-products
His: when grass, barley, or oats silage is used in the diet

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37
Q

Increase of __ mg/dL of plasma urea N can cause a loss of ___ L of milk or loss of ____ g body fat because of the energy it takes to ______, which is ____ kcal per ___ g of ____.

A

4mg/dL, 1.5L, 200g, concert N to urea, 7.3 per 1g of N

38
Q

It is important to provide adequate levels of RDP and RUP. what are the ranges for these levels?

A

RDP: 60-65% CP
RUP: 35-40% CP

39
Q

We have changed the CP % from higher to around _____ % DM by ______.

A

16-17% DM
feeding better quality protein sources and focusing more on providing metabolizable protein rather than focusing on supplying CP

this has in turn increased the N use efficiency

40
Q

how do you monitor protein in the diet? AKA how do you know you’re balancing your protein in your diet properly?

A

monitor MUN (milk urea nitrogen)

41
Q

what do we want our milk protein % to be? what do we want our MUN to be?

A

> 3.2%
12-18mg/dL

42
Q

tell me what happens with these different values:
1. milk protein <3% and MUN < 12mg/dL
2. milk protein > 3.2% and MUN <12 mg/dL
3. milk protein <3%, MUN 12-18 mg/dL
4. milk protein > 3.2%, MUN 12-18 mg/dL
5. milk protein <3%, MUN >18mg/dL
6. milk protein > 3.2%, MUN > 18mg/dL

A
  1. defieicny of CP
    2 adequate supply of AA, deficiency of CP soluble and degradable, or excess of CHO in the rumen
  2. defieicny of metabolizable protein, deficiency of rumen fermentable CHO or essential AA
  3. good! adequate ruminal supply of AA and CHO
  4. excess of protein (soluble and degradable), deficiency of fermentable CHO and essential AA
  5. excess of protein (soluble and degradable) or defieicny of fermentable CHO

don’t focus too much on memorizing this, he mainly wanted to explain the ideal ranges for milk protein and MUN

43
Q

what are the negative effects of excess of protein in the diet? (ex. CP> 19% DM)

A

**negative effect on reproduction **

high blood urea, lower uterine pH, changes in uterine fluid composition, lowered progesterone in plasma, lowered conception rate, increased services per pregnancy and days open, increased embryonic loss

44
Q

what 7 things can fat supplementation do? I guess know at least 3 of them

A

increase energy density of the diet
reduce heat increment
7% increase in feed efficiency
9% decrease in methane production due to lowered DMI
lower rumen fermentable organic matter
reduce fibre degradation in the rumen (more so with unsaturated fats)
diet without fat supplementation = 2.5% of diet DM as fat (?)

basically fat isn’t fermented in the rumen, so methane isn’t produced, but it takes away from other stuff that’s fermented in the rumen (FOM, fibre) - make sure you aren’t supplementing too much fat or its bad

45
Q

what type of fat do you want to supplement with?

A

saturated fat, like tallow
it is more stable in the rumen

46
Q

how is fat broken down in the rumen?

A
  1. lipolysis
  2. biohydrogenation
47
Q

how does ruminal acidosis impact fat break down I the rumen?

A

induces another pathway of biohydrogenation that makes specific isomers that are detrimental to fatty acid production in the mammary gland, can reduce milk fat production in dairy cow

48
Q

in order to prevent issues of excess fat, the max. supplemental fat as a % of DM is…

A

3-4%

49
Q

what are the less problematic/more saturated sources of supplemental fat?

A

Ca-salts of fatty acids, oilseeds

50
Q

why is feeding as a TMR important?

A

it makes every bite of feed essentially a complete, nutritionally balanced diet for all cows

milk fat depression and other digestive upsets are less likely to occur with TMR feeding

51
Q

what is important to keep in mind about feeding TMR?

A

appropriate feed particle sizes, moisture content (you want 45-60% DM)

prevent sorting and max intake
most dairy cow herds are fed TMR

52
Q

most TMR-fed herds in western Canada mix a _____ which is offered to the ____ milking herd. why do this? what is the result of this?

A

single ration, entire milking herd.

simplicity

result is some cows getting more than what they need and some cows getting lesss than what they need.

53
Q

what is the alternative for TMR-fed single ration herds when you still want to feed as many cows at the same time with the same feed as possible?

A

split up the herd into lactation groups, because depending on where they are in lactation, they have different needs

54
Q

what is the disadvantage of multiple TMRs in a small herd? how do you reduce this issue?

A

social stress when cows are moved from 1 group to another (competition); feed intake and milk production often fall due to this stress

this stress is most common when small #s of animals are moved into larger groups

reduce issue by bunk space of 60=75cm/cow

55
Q

what is the advantage of separating large herd into lactation groups for TMR feeding?

A

better use of feed ingredients, reduce feed costs, easier to control BCS

56
Q

TMR-fed single ration feeding is formulated usually for which group? what is the result of this?

A

higher producing group
may promote over conditioning of cows with lower milk production

57
Q

what are the consequences of feeding lactating dairy cows with concentrate amounts that are dispensed individually?

A

attempt to satisfy each cow’s particular requirements
partially individualized diets
less control on forage:concentrate ratio of diet, which could lead to ruminal acidosis

don’t see these systems as much

58
Q

why are provisions of concentrates sometimes provided in robotic/automated milking systems?

A

motivating factor to encouraging cows to voluntarily enter the system

59
Q

do the amounts of concentrate fed with the robotic milking system vary between farms? if so, how much?

A

yes
between 2-5 kg/day, up to 11kg/day on some farms

60
Q

when feeding concentrates in an automated milking system, 1kg of concentrate feed on AMS may replaced _______ of partial mixed ration (PMR)

A

0.8-1.6kg

61
Q

what is important to keep in mind when providing concentrates in an automated milking system?

A

diet consumed can be substantially different than the diet formulated

62
Q

why does hypocalcemia happen?

A

with the selection for high milk production, there is a sudden increase in the demand for Ca from late gestation to early lactation –> which causes hypocalcemia

63
Q

what is hypocalcemia?

A

decreased plasma Ca concentrations

64
Q

what is milk fever?

A

total blood Ca <1.4 mol/L
super bad hypocalcemia
AKA parturient paresis

65
Q

subclinical hypocalcemia is defined by _____.

A

total blood Ca 1.4-2.0 mmol/L with no C/S

66
Q

what are the 4 consequences of subclinical hypocalcemia?

A

increase risk of metabolic & infectious disease
increase risk of repro disorders
increase early culling
decrease milk production

67
Q

according to Mr Nutrition Man, is milk fever or subclinical hypocalcemia worse?

A

subclinical hypocalcemia, because you don’t know it’s happening so you don’t treat it, and it results in some not fun things

68
Q

what is the pathogenesis of hypocalcemia?

A

as you need more Ca, parathyroid glands make more PTH, which stimulates resorption of Ca from bone and reabsorption of Ca from kidneys –> increase Ca in blood

also increased P = lowered absorption of Ca from intestines because it impacts vitamin D

also! if you have alkaline blood, you cause a conformation change in the PTH receptors, resulting in a loss of tissue sensitivity to PTH

hypomagnesemia also causes this loss of tissue sensitivity to PTH

69
Q

who is more at risk for hypocalcemia?

A

older cows, Jersey cows

the older they get, the more risk (9% increase per lactation)

70
Q

what are the diet strategies to prevent hypocalcemia?

A

adapt cows to low Ca diets - works only if cows are consuming less than 60g Ca/day - hard to achieve

feed low dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) diets - promotes lower blood pH - add sources of chloride and sulphur, take away Na+ and K+

71
Q

how do you calculate DCAD?

A

(Na+ + K+) - (Cl- + S2-) = DCAD in millieequivalents (mEq)

72
Q

what are the number recommendations to pre-partum diets to reduce hypocalcemia?

A

Ca intake of 50-70g/day
Mg intake of 40-50g/day
p intakes of <35 g/day
DCAD b/t ~150 and -150 mEq kg/DM

73
Q

diet DCAD should be adjusted to achieve an average urinary pH of ____ of Holsteins and ____ for Jerseys

A

6-7, 5.5-6.5

74
Q

how does Ketosis occur?

A

when cows move from parturition to lactation, they get into a negative energy balance (NEB), which causes excessive fat mobilization –> ketosis

75
Q

what are ketone bodies?

A

end-products of liver fat metabolism

76
Q

A majority of high-producing cows likely experience some degree of _____ ketosis in ____ lactation without exhibition any obvious _____.

A

subclinical, early, clinical signs

77
Q

how do you detect ketosis?

A

blood, milk, urine, exhaled air – all contain ketones and can be used to detect ketosis

78
Q

what are the actual numbers for determining ketosis for BHBA and NEFA?

A

BHBA:
- < 0.6 mmol/L –> low- no BW loss
- 0.6 - 1.0 mmol/L –> BW mobilization and ajustment to NEB
- > 1.0 mmol/L –> excessive loss of BW

NEFA - max values
- 0.29 mmol/L –> prepartum
- 0.57 mmol/L –> postpartum

79
Q

what are clinical ketosis symptoms?

A

cow goes off-feed, becomes constipated and depressed, loss body condition, and reduce milk production

80
Q

how do you treat ketosis?

A

IV glucose for immediate benefit (short-lived), propylene glycol as a drench is preferred treatment

81
Q

What is the relationship between Monensin and ketosis?

A

monensin admin reduces incidence of ketosis

82
Q

what is displaced abomasum in general terms? which is more common, L or R? when are most LDAs diagnosed?

A

abomasum rotates under the rumen and omasum to the L or R

LDAs are more common (90% of cases)

most LDAs diagnosed in the first 2 weeks postpartum

83
Q

why are LDAs more common? what is the treatment for displaced abomasum?

A

excess gas collects in the abomasum and it rotates under the rumen and up to the L side of the body behind the rumen, which is emptier than usually because of decreased feed intake

sx repositioning often necessary, but costly

84
Q

how do you prevent LDAs?

A

prevent decrease in DM intake
prevent hypocalcemia
promote adequate rumen fill
management of BCS

85
Q

what do we define subacute rumen acidosis (SARA) as? what do we define acute acidosis as?

A

SARA = rumen pH b/t 5.2-5.6 (depression for at least 3 hours/day)
acute = rumen pH below 5.0

86
Q

_____ is the most common metabolic disorder in dairy cattle

A

subacute rumen acidosis

87
Q

acute acidosis is less common but more severe than subacute rumen acidosis. what are the clinilca signs of acute acidosis?

A

depressed, off-feed, elevated HR, diarrhea, may die if not treated

88
Q

what are the causes of rumen acidosis? know at least like 3.

A
  • increase VFA production –> lowered absorption and buffering
  • excess gain or NFC in diet
  • rapid increase in dietary concentrations of NFC
  • highly fermentable forages and/or insufficient dietary coarse fibre
  • insufficient rumen buffering due to inadequate chewing and salivation
  • cows sorting forage out of diet
89
Q

what is the incidence of SARA in early and mid lactation dairy cows?

A

19-26%

90
Q

what are the consequences of SARA? know at least like 4 lol

A

feed intake depression, reduced fibre digestion, milk fat depression, diarrhea, laminitis, liver absences, increased production of bacterial endotoxin, inflammation characterized by increases in acute phase proteins

465 nutrition (6 decks)

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