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465 nutrition > Exotics > Flashcards

Exotics Flashcards

1
Q

you should suspect _____ reptile you see to be suffering from some form of nutritional deficiency. what is the #1 ddx? related to ______.

A

every
metabolic bone disease
inappropriate husbandry practices

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2
Q

many colourful birds depend on _______ ______, like ______.

A

dietary pigments, like carotenoids

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3
Q

what are the overarching goals of exotics/wildlife nutrition?

A

growth
overall health (longevity) (decreases in infectious and non-infectious diseases)
± breeding success

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4
Q

what are the 4 feeding strategy goals of exotics/wildlifie?

A
  1. provide a nutritionally balanced diet
  2. stimulate natural feeding behaviours
  3. balanced diet that’s consistently consumed
  4. practical and economical to feed
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5
Q

Buffet style feeding is ________. why?

A

strongly discouraged!
animals rarely select a balanced diet – seeds deficient in vitamin A, protein, Ca, other nutrients, but high in fat ± toxins

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6
Q

Aflatoxicosis in birds:
1. what is it?
2. etiology?
3. what causes this?
4. how to prevent?
5. pathology ?

A
  1. chronic ingestion of low levels of toxins in many seed diets
  2. Aspergillus spp.
  3. inappropriately stored seeds and pet-grade peanuts
  4. proper food storage, human-grade peanuts
  5. liver affected (hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis, hepatic carcinoma)
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7
Q

rabbits like _____, which can cause _____ issues because of _____ inhalation. they are ____ ______ ______, and _____ breakdown fibre in hindgut.

A

protein, resp, ammonia
mono gastric, hindgut fermentors, microbes (Bacteriodes spp.)

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8
Q

rabbits – high _____ is essential but often overlooked in clients. _____, _______ particles stimulate normal GI processes.

A

fibre
coarse, non-digestible

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9
Q

inadequate fibre content leads to what things in rabbits?

A

fur chewing (barbering)
trichobezoars
GI stasis (secondary hepatic lipidosis)
lethargy, anorexia, possible death

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10
Q

excessive energy intake results to what in rabbits?

A

obesity
pododermatitis
UTIs
dental disease

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11
Q

rabbits, chinchillas, guinea pigs, hamsters, most other rodents do something called ______. what happens in GIT?

A

coprophagy.

in hindgut, dietary fibre divided into large (indigestible) and small (digestible) fibres
large particles are eliminated directly as hard fecal pellets – mechanically stimulate motility of cecum and colon
smaller particles collect in hausfrau of colon and sent back to cecum via reverse peristalsis for fermentation

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12
Q

what are cecotrophes - rabbits?

A

cecum synthesizes a.a and volatile fatty acids and concentrates them
coated in a membrane of mucous to protect nutrients from stomach acids

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13
Q
  1. rabbits ingest cecotrophes intact how?
  2. cecotrophes are high in what vitamins?
  3. ____x the protein and _____ the fibre of a normal pellet
  4. disruption in process results in what?
  5. cecotroph ingestion is highest when?
A
  1. directly from anus
  2. Bs and K
  3. 2x and 1/2
  4. abnormal stool production
  5. when rabbits are fed a diet high in non digestible fibre
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14
Q

ferrets are what type of eater? what anatomic and physiologic features reflect this?

A

strict, obligate carnivores
short GIT
spontaneous secretors of hydrochloric acid
minimal gut flora

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15
Q

ferrets eat _____ meals often. food consumption and weight regulated by ____. seasonal obesity is _____ harmful and should be considered _____ in ferrets.

A

small
daylight
not
normal

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16
Q

ferrets need what percentages of protein and fat in their diets? what type of protein should be used?

A

protein - 30-35%
fat - 15-20%
animal protein products

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17
Q

can ferrets have cat food? what about dog food?

A

cat: acceptable, but not recommended
dog: nope!

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18
Q

in ferrets, you should avoid what in the diet?

A

diets/treats with sugars or high fibre

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19
Q

how often should you feed your ferret?

A

several small feedings per day
best to have food always available for adults
water always available

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20
Q

ferrets:
1. food preferences are set when?
2. what is the typical inappropriate diet fed by owners?

A
  1. early in life (first few months)
  2. cheap, dry dog/cat kibble and sugary treats
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21
Q

feeding ferrets high carbs and fibre can result in what?

A

urolithiasis and insulinomas

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22
Q

insulinomas in ferrets:
1. what is an insulinoma?
2. is this common in ferrets?

A
  1. pancreatic islet beta cell tumor - indiscriminate insulin production
  2. yes. 25% of all neoplasia cases in NAm (b/c of high carb diet)
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23
Q

what are the clinical signs of insulinomas in ferrets?

A

episodic, worsening with time (acute hypoglycaemia and chronic lethargy)
hind end ataxia and weakness
presumed nausea due to hypersalivatio and pawing at mouth
depression, and longer deeper sleeps
star gazing
rarely seizures

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24
Q

the vol and frequency of feeding wildlife/exotics varies based on:

A

age
repro status
season (molt increases protein required; daylight hours)
temp (hibernation/brumation (reptiles))

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25
Q

vol and frequency of feedings of exotics/wildlife based on what?

A

BMR
2x and 6x BMR in adult and very young animals respectively

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26
Q

feather destructive behaviour in birds is a disease of ____ caused by 1 or more of:

A

captivity

nutritional deficiencies, husbandry/environmental, behavioural, infectious disease, etc

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27
Q

what are the common nutritional diseases in wildlife/exotics that we have to know?

A

metabolic bone disease
hypovitaminosis A
vitamin E/selenium deficiency
thiamin deficiency
Vitamin C deficiency
obesity

28
Q

metabolic bone diseases: we have to know 3 examples of MBDs (rickets, osteomalacia, fibrous osteodystrophy). what are they?

A

rickets: inadequate mineralization of bone due to deficiencies in vitamin D or calcium
osteomalacia: softening of bone due to mineral loss from a previously mineralized bone
fibrous osteodystrophy: replacement of bone with fibrous material

29
Q

what 3 etiologies do we have to know for metabolic bone disease?

A

absolute Ca deficiency
Ca-P imbalance
Vitamin D deficiency

30
Q

vitamin D2 and D3:
1. most mammals can utilize ____ and dietary ____.
2. new world primates, birds, reptiles, fish cannot utilize ____ and require ____.
3. many reptiles are unable to digest enough _____ in their diet.

A
  1. D2, D3
  2. D2, D3
  3. vitamin D
31
Q

MBDs are most common in what signalments? list some clinical signs.

A

young carnivores, birds, reptiles

lameness, bone deformities, fx’s and softening of bone, swollen jaws and tooth loss, hypocalcemic tetany, deformed shells (turtles), paralysis (lizards esp), poor feathering, deformed/soft eggs (birds/reptiles), reluctance to climb (primates)

32
Q

how do you diagnose MBDs?

A

hx and clinical signs

facial and long bone swelling
osteodystrophy
radiographs
total serum calcium levels
plasma vitamin D levels may be extremely low

33
Q

how do you treat MBDs?

A

acute: calcium gluconate given IV
chronic: Ca:P supplementation at 1.5-2:1 ratio, vitamin D supplementation

34
Q

how do you prevent MBD?

A

feed balanced diet with known nutritional profiles, provide calcium at 1.5-2:1 ratio, allow access to unfiltered sunlight or UVB light, keep reptiles in their POT(H)Z
- gut load insects with Ca
- dust insects in Ca
- feed nutritionally balanced whole food items

35
Q

seeds, muscle/organ meat, fruit, most grains, and most insects are deficient in _____.

A

calcium

36
Q

Vitamin A is important for what?

A

cell replication, vision, remodelling of bone, integrity of epithelium, immune function, and reproduction

37
Q

all meat or all seed diets are prone to what disease?

A

hypovitaminosis A

38
Q

what are the clinical signs of hypovitaminosis A in birds? (especially parrots!)

A

white plaques in mouth and esophagus
blunting of choanal papillae
conjunctivitis, sinusitis, resp infectious
poor growth, ataxia, gout

39
Q

what are the clinical signs of hypovitaminosis A in reptiles? (esp tortoises!)

A

facial swelling, eye closure, conjunctivitis, resp infections

40
Q

what are the important clinical signs of hypovitaminosis A in ALL SPECIES???

A

poor fertility, growth rates, and blindness (malfunctioning rods)

41
Q

how do you treat hypovitaminosis A?

A

vitamin A injection
dietary correction

42
Q

how do you prevent hypovitaminosis A?

A

ensure diet has adequate levels of retinol
herbivores require the precursors

43
Q

why are selenium and vitamin E important?

A

reduce free radical damage
important for reproduction, muscular, circulatory, nervous and immune functions

44
Q

vitamin E/selenium deficiency is common in what species?

A

guinea pigs, hamsters, fish
most common nutritional disease of captive ruminants

45
Q

what are the clinical signs of vitamin E/selenium deficiency? what is the typical signalment?

A

young animals typical, but any age can be affected

white muscle disease
stiffness and paralysis due to skeletal muscle necrosis, mineralization
cardiomyopathy (sudden death esp when stressed)
ill thrift and lethargy (GP and deer)
conjunctivitis (GP)

46
Q

how do you treat vitamin E/selenium deficiency?

A

mild cases: response to supplementation with vitamin E/Se injections

severe cases: poor response, supportive care, muscle relaxants, sedatives

47
Q

how do you prevent vitamin E/selenium deficiency?

A

ensure adequate levels in diet
measure vitamin E serum levels
supplement fish and high fat diets (100 IU vitamin E/kg fish)
follow expiry dates dry foods
neonatal hoof stock should receive a vit E/Se injection w/I first 24-48 hours in deficient areas

48
Q

thiamin deficiency is a common problem in ______. what are some examples? why?

A

fish-eaters
pelicans, penguins, marine mammals, some snakes, amphibians, fish

thiaminase activated after death in fish, enhanced by freezing

49
Q

what are the clinical signs of thiamin deficiency?

A

anorexia and weight loss
ataxia and limb paralysis
tremors and seizures
stargazing
cardiac failure
loss of equilibrium, edema, and poor growth in fish

50
Q

how do you treat and prevent thiamin deficiency?

A

supplement diet with thiamine
30-35 mg/kg of fish for animals on thiaminase-containing diets

51
Q

vitamin C deficiency results in…?

A

defective blood vessels and tooth position

52
Q

most primates, bats, guinea pigs, capybaras, some birds, fish, and some cetaceans are prone to vitamin C deficiency. why?

A

cannot synthesize ascorbic acid because they lack enzyme that converts glucose to ascorbic acid

53
Q

what are the clinical signs of vitamin C deficiency?

A

poor coat and skin condition
lameness
stomatitis
muscle and joint hemorrhage
“broken back disease” in fish
swelling at long bone epiphyses and CC junctions (Fx’s)
increased susceptibility to infectious disease
anorexia
diarrhea

54
Q

how do you treat and prevent vitamin C deficiency?

A

commercial diets fortified – feed w/it 90 days due to oxidation

balanced diet (green fruits and veggies)
seeds and animal tissue have low to no vitamin C

excess can enhance iron toxicity (esp in fruit bats and lemurs)

55
Q

increased weight = ???

A

increased strain on MSK system and decreased life span

56
Q

obesity is a _____ problem in most captive species, particular in carnivores, ungulates, birds, primates, reptiles, amphibians

A

common

57
Q

what does obesity result in?

A

dystocia, hepatic lipidosis (all spp)
atherosclerosis (parrots)
pododermatitis, uroliths, dental disease (rabbits)

58
Q

rabbits are prone to developing uroliths, especially if…

A

obsese and have limited exercise
fed alfalfa pellets/hay free-choice as adults
have been over-supplemented with vitamins/minerals

59
Q

calcium regulation in rabbits:
1. serum calcium is ____ regulated in a narrow range.
2. excreted in ____ concentrations in the urine.
3. _____ starts building up in the urinary tract

A
  1. not
  2. high
  3. sludge
60
Q

signs of urinary sludge and/or calculi in rabbits?

A

frequent urination (often outside normal toilet area, dribbling urine, hindquarters may be continually damp with urine)

straining to urinate

hunched position and grinding of teeth (emergency situation! may be blocked)

sludge in urine (urine thick and white, grainy white material when dry)

blood in urine

loss of appetite

61
Q

rabbits/rodents have ____incisors.

A

hypsodont

62
Q

inappropriate diet in rabbits can lead to:

A

spurs, points, overgrown teeth
slobbers
anorexia
GI stasis and dysbiosis
hepatic lipidosis

63
Q

tell me about a good diet for a growing (<7 months) or lactating rabbit

A

commercial legume based (alfalfa) pellet ad lib
- 16-18% protein, ≥16% fibre
grass hay ad lib
veggies (handful/day)
- avoid spinach and cabbage due to high oxalates

64
Q

tell me about a good diet for adult rabbits

A

non-legume based (Timothy) pellet, offered in a measured amount (30-60 g/kg/day)
- 12-14% protein, 20-25% fibre, < 2.5% fat, < 1% Ca
grass hay ad lib (~30-35% fibre)

65
Q

what are the 7 benefits of hay for rabbits?

A
  1. high fibre and ideal Ca:P ratio
  2. good behavioural enrichment (promotes more natural foraging behaviour)
  3. reduces aggression
  4. reduces excessive grooming and fur chewing (decreased risk of trichobezoars)
  5. reduces chewing on inappropriate objects (decreased risk of impaction)
  6. decreased risk of obesity and pododermatitis
  7. reduced risk of uroliths, dental, infectious disease
66
Q

obesity and arthrosclerosis in parrots:
1. common signalment?
2. risk factors?
3. clinical signs ?
4. diagnosis ?
5. prevention ?

A
  1. captive parrots – African greys and Amazons
  2. long term diets high in fat + cholesterol, perch potatoes, age, concurrent hepatic lipidosis and R-side HF
  3. acute death, dyspnea, lethargy, paresis, collapse
  4. necropsy
  5. improve diet/exercise, omega 3 fatty acids (inhibit vasculitis and reduce plaque formation)

465 nutrition (6 decks)

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