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OCB02 > Suture Development > Flashcards

Suture Development Flashcards

1
Q

How much of the head is taken up by the face in a newborn versus an adult?

A

1/8 newborn vs 1/2 adult

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2
Q

What are the bones visible from the top of the skull called?

A

Frontal

Parietal

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3
Q

What are sutures?

A

Fibrous joints between skull bones

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4
Q

Why are there sutures in the skull? (2)

A

Provide elasticity and movement - mechanical stress absorbers

Growth occurs at sutures

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5
Q

Are sutures normally unfused or fused at birth?

A

Unfused

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6
Q

What is a fontanelle?

A

Membrane-covered spot in calvaria where three or more bones converge

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7
Q

When do the fontanelles close?

A

Anterior - 2 years

Posterior, sphenoidal, mastoid - first few months

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8
Q

Name the four main fontanelles.

A

Anterior fontanelle (top of head)

Sphenoidal fontanelle (posterior to eye)

Mastoid fontanelle

Posterior fontanelle (back of skull)

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9
Q

What do sutures look like in young humans?

A

Straight and flat (squamous)

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10
Q

What is craniosynostosis?

A

Premature fusion of sutures

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11
Q

What do sutures look like in adults and why?

A

Convoluted/zigzag

Remodelling by osteoblasts and osteoclasts

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12
Q

Explain what tension-adapted growth at sutures means.

A

Growth of brain pushes skull bones out resulting in tension

Induces new bone growth

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13
Q

In what direction does the face grow?

A

Anteriorly and inferiorly

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14
Q

What mechanical movements cause growth at facial sutures?

A

Suckling

Chewing

Breathing

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15
Q

Name the facial sutures which involve the frontal bone. (3)

A

Frontonasal

Frontomaxillary

Frontozygomatic

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16
Q

Name the facial sutures which involve the zygoma.

A

Zygotemporal

Zygomaxillary

Frontozygomatic

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17
Q

Name the facial sutures which do not involve the frontal bone nor the zygoma.

A

Intermaxillary/median palatine

Nasomaxillary

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18
Q

Where is the sagittal suture found?

A

Between the parietal bones

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19
Q

Where are the coronal sutures found?

A

Between frontal and parietal bones

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20
Q

Where is the interfrontal suture found?

A

Between the frontal bones

21
Q

What is another name for the interfrontal suture?

A

Metopic suture

22
Q

What part of the suture is osteogenic?

A

Cambiam layer

23
Q

What is the capsular central zone?

A

Relatively inert region containing osteocytes

24
Q

What kind of suture is the sagittal suture?

A

Interlocking

25
Q

What kind of suture is the coronal suture?

A

Overlapping

26
Q

What kind of suture is the metopic suture?

A

Fused

27
Q

Why are palatal sutures useful in orthodontics?

A

Allow palatal expansion via tension adaption/distraction osteogenesis at median palatine suture

28
Q

Name the palatal sutures.

A

Intermaxillary/median palatine

Transverse palatine

Interpalatine

29
Q

How does calvarial bone develop in utero? (4)

A

Starts laterally forming islands then grows apically, sandwiched between meninges and overlying skin

Islands coalesce within membrane

Synchronised with brain development

Intramembraneous ossification

30
Q

The presence of what molecule marks the initial ossification of calvarial bone?

A

Bone sialoprotein

31
Q

What is plagiocephaly?

A

Premature fusion of one coronal suture

32
Q

What characterises plagiocephaly?

A

Raised eyebrow

Asymmetry

33
Q

What is brachycephaly?

A

Premature fusion of both coronal sutures

34
Q

What is trigonocephaly?

A

Premature fusion of the metopic/interfrontal suture

35
Q

What is characteristic of trigonocephaly?

A

Ridged forehead

36
Q

What is scaphocephaly?

A

Premature fusion of the sagittal suture

37
Q

Which form of craniosynostosis is most common?

A

Scaphocephaly

38
Q

What causes Apert syndrome?

A

Too much FGF2 signalling due spontaneous mutations (autosomal dominant)

39
Q

What are the characteristics of Apert syndrome? (4)

A

Malocclusion and delayed tooth eruption

Narrow lateral swellings of palate

Cleft uvula or cleft soft palate

SYNDACTYLY (symmetrical)

40
Q

What is Apert syndrome generally?

A

Midface malformations with plagio/brachycephaly

41
Q

What causes Crouzon syndrome?

A

Mutations in FGF2/3

42
Q

What are the characteristics of Crouzon syndrome? (5)

A

Midface hypoplasia

Proptosis (shallow orbits)

Crowding, crossbites, ectopic eruption of 6s

Normal hands

Thin calvarial bones

43
Q

What is Crouzon syndrome (sutures)?

A

Synostosis of coronal suture in combination with sagittal or lambdoid suture

44
Q

Describe the possible cellular events which occur at sutures.

A

FGF and BMP bind to cell-surface receptors triggering an intracellular messaging pathway

Transcription of TWIST and MSX2 increases to induce cell proliferation and differentiation

45
Q

What do TWIST and MSX2 code for?

A

Transcription factors

46
Q

What roles does FGF signalling play in bone growth?

A

Differentiation into osteoprogenitor

Differentiation into osteoblast

47
Q

Why would too much FGF potentially cause craniosynostosis?

A

Too much bone synthesis at suture

48
Q

What bones are involved in the squamosal suture?

A

Parietal

Temporal

49
Q

What bones are involved in the lambdoid suture?

A

Parietal

Occipital

OCB02 (19 decks)

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