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OCB02 > Alveolar Bone & Cementum > Flashcards

Alveolar Bone & Cementum Flashcards

1
Q

What is alveolar bone?

A

Mineralised tooth support

Boundary at level of root apices of teeth

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2
Q

What is alveolar bone necessary for? (4)

A

Muscle attachment

Bone marrow

Reservoir for ions

Plasticity and remodelling

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3
Q

What does alveolar bone depend on? (3)

A

Tooth eruption for development

Tooth retention for maintenance

Functional stimuli to maintain bone mass

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4
Q

When does alveolar bone start to develop?

A

Second month i.u. (but major portions at root formation/tooth eruption)

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5
Q

What are the two layers of cortical alveolar bone called?

A

Labial and lingual cortical plates

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6
Q

Why is there a lot of spongy bone in alveolar bone? (3)

A

Low mass

Allows vessels and nerves to pass through

Allows cellular interactions

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7
Q

What is the layer of alveolar bone which is in contact with the tooth?

A

Bundle bone/cribriform plate

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8
Q

What is the bundle bone referred to radiographically?

A

Lamina dura

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9
Q

Where are the outer cortical plates thicker?

A

In mandible

In premolar-molar regions

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10
Q

What is bundle bone?

A

Part of alveolar bone where PDL fibres are inserted

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11
Q

What are the principal fibres of the PDL?

A

Sharpey’s fibres

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12
Q

What orientation are the Sharpey’s fibres?

A

Perpendicular to the bundle bone and tooth

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13
Q

What orientation are the fibres of the PDL (not Sharpey’s fibres)?

A

Parallel to bundle bone and tooth

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14
Q

What is another name for lamina dura?

A

Dental lamina

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15
Q

Why is the bundle bone often referred to as a cribriform plate?

A

Has many openings/perforations for blood vessels and nerves

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16
Q

What is the interradicular septum?

A

Alveolar bone separating roots (of multi-rooted teeth)

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17
Q

What is the interdental septum?

A

Alveolar bone separating adjacent teeth

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18
Q

Why do the maxillary teeth tend to have more roots?

A

Maxilla is more spongous so teeth need more stability

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19
Q

What are the three blood sources for the tooth/gingiva?

A

Periodontal

Alveolar

Mucogingival/supraperiostal

20
Q

What do the blood supplies of the tooth anastomose as?

A

Post-capillary venous plexus

Sub-epithelial capillary loops

21
Q

Describe the innervation of the jaw area. (3)

A

Spinal sensory trigeminal nucleus and trigeminal sensory nucleus give rise to mesencephalic sensory neurons of CNV

Masticatory musculature = motor nucleus of CNV

Teeth and gums = maxillary and mandibular branches formed via Gasserian/trigeminal ganglion

22
Q

What are the three branches of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Ophthalmic

Maxillary

Mandibular

23
Q

What is the role of the canals in alveolar bone?

A

Pathways for nerves and vessels

24
Q

What is type I spongy bone and where is it mostly found?

A

Regular trabeculae, heavier, more compact

Mandible

25
Q

What is type II spongy bone and where is it mostly found?

A

Irregularly arranged, delicate and numerous trabeculae

Maxilla

26
Q

Where is spongy bone most and least dense?

A

Most - alveolar crest; next to teeth (cribriform plate)

Least - apex

27
Q

How does tooth and alveolar bone loss affect the face?

A

Shortening of lower third of face

28
Q

Why does periodontal disease cause tooth loss?

A

Loss of alveolar bone (support)

29
Q

What do bone-lining cells do?

A

Regulate movement of calcium and phosphate into and out of bone

30
Q

What is the difference between resting and reversal lines?

A

Resting = osteoblast deposition temporarily halted, smooth contour

Reversal = osteoclast resorption, scalloped edge

31
Q

What is cementum?

A

Bone-like tissue which covers roots of teeth

32
Q

What are the functions of cementum? (3)

A

Anchor teeth to alveolus

Anchors gingival and periodontal fibres

Protects dentin

33
Q

What cell type forms cementum?

A

Cementoblasts

34
Q

Why is cementum formed continuously?

A

Compensates for tooth wear

35
Q

Where is cementum thickest?

A

At apex

36
Q

What are the possible origins of cementoblasts?

A

Pulp cells - from odontoblasts

HERS cells - epithelial to mesenchymal transformation

Dental follicle cells - fragmentation of HERS cells allows dental follicle to contact dentin to trigger differentiation

37
Q

What is the composition of cementum?

A

65% inorganic

23% organic

12% water

38
Q

What is the organic component of cementum comprised of?

A

Collagens (mainly type I)

Proteoglycans (chondroitin sulphate)

Glycoproteins (osteopontin, bone sialoprotein)

39
Q

Which of cementum or bone is harder and why?

A

Cementum

Higher mineral content

40
Q

What are the four types of cementum?

A

Acellular, afibrillar cementum AAC

Acellular, extrinsic-fibre cementum AEC

Cellular, intrinsic-fibre cementum CIC

Cellular, mixed-fibre cementum CMC

41
Q

Describe the differences between cellular and acellular cementum.

A

Cellular = cementocytes (and canaliculi) due to faster deposition, incremental lines are far apart, thick precementum

42
Q

Which way do the canaliculi usually point in cementum?

A

Towards tooth surface

43
Q

What are extrinsic fibres and their function?

A

Fibres which are not produced by cementoblasts - Sharpey’s fibres

Anchor teeth

44
Q

What are intrinsic fibres and where are they found?

A

Fibres produced by cementoblasts

Do not anchor teeth, found at site undergoing repair after resorption

45
Q

Where is mixed-fibre cementum found?

A

Apical portion of root and in furcation region

46
Q

Describe the areas of cementum repair.

A

No remodelling in cementum

Reversal lines

Cellular, intrinsic-fibre cementum CIC laid down

47
Q

Describe the characteristics of hypercementosis. (3)

A

Lamina dura intact

Occlusal forces increase cementum formation

Chronic periapical inflammation

OCB02 (19 decks)

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