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OCB02 > Pharyngeal Arch Development > Flashcards

Pharyngeal Arch Development Flashcards

1
Q

What structure do the neural crest cells form from?

A

Neural folds/dorsal neural tube

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2
Q

What occurs during the fourth week of embryonic development? (4)

A

Neural folds meet and fuse = neural tube

Embryo folds along both rostral-caudal and dorsal-ventral axis = bean shape

Anterior end of neural tube rapidly expands to form beginnings of forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain

Continued development of somites

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3
Q

What are rhombomeres?

A

Series of 8 bulges which make up the part of the neural tube which will form the hindbrain

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4
Q

What happens to the anterior end of the neural tube (4th week)?

A

Expands rapidly as forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain form

Hindbrain region develops rhombomeres

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5
Q

What happens to the mesoderm lateral to the expanding anterior neural tube?

A

Partially segments to form 7 somatomeres (rostrally, muscles of head and neck)

Fully segments to form somites (caudally, bones and muscles of back)

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6
Q

How do the neural crest cells get to their arches?

A

Delaminate from dorsal neural tube

Migrate along specific pathways into their specific branchial/pharyngeal arches

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7
Q

Where do the neural crest cells for the face and first branchial arch come from?

A

Midbrain and rhombomeres 1 and 2

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8
Q

What do the neural crest cells which populate the facial region give rise to?

A

Facial ectomesenchyme which will undergo complex morphogenesis to form the face

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9
Q

What are cranial neural crest cells required for in heart and artery development? (4)

A

Cardiac looping

Contraction of heart

Remodelling of aortic arches

Secondary heart field development

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10
Q

What structures in heart and artery development are populated by neural crest cells? (2)

A

Conotruncal septum

Parasympathetic post-ganglionic neurons

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11
Q

What is persistent truncus arteriosus?

A

No divide between pulmonary trunk and aorta

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12
Q

What is a double outlet right ventricle?

A

Aorta connects to right ventricle instead of left

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13
Q

What disorders can arise from poor neural crest cell function in heart and artery development? (4)

A

Persistent truncus arteriosus

Transposition of great vessels

Tricuspid stenosis

Double outlet right ventricle

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14
Q

What syndromes can arise from poor neural crest cell function in heart and artery development? (2)

A

Digeorge syndrome

Charge syndrome

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15
Q

What is the stomatodeum?

A

Primitive mouth - wide shallow depression in developing face

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16
Q

When does the stomatodeum form?

A

When the frontal prominence develops

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17
Q

Which branchial arch is called the mandibular arch?

A

First

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18
Q

What limits the stomatodeum?

A

Buccopharyngeal membrane

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19
Q

When do the pharyngeal arches and pouches appear?

A

4th and 5th weeks of development

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20
Q

What are branchial arches?

A

Bars of mesenchymal tissue lined by ectoderm on the outside and endoderm on the inside

Contain cartilage, nerve and artery

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21
Q

What separates different branchial arches?

A

Clefts (ectoderm)

Pouches (endoderm)

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22
Q

How many pharyngeal arches are there and how are they numbered?

A

5

1, 2, 3, 4, 6

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23
Q

What two structures do the branchial arches separate?

A

Stomatodeum and developing heart/cardiac bulge

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24
Q

What makes up the mesenchyme of the branchial arches?

A

Neural crest cells

Mesoderm

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25
Q

What do the tissues in the branchial arch mesenchyme generally give rise to? (2)

A

Neural crest cells - skeletal structures, ganglia, odontoblasts, connective tissues

Mesoderm - endothelium and striated muscle

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26
Q

Which nerve supplies the first branchial arch?

A

CNV trigeminal

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27
Q

Which nerve supplies the third branchial arch?

A

CNIX glossopharyngeal

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28
Q

Which nerve supplies the second branchial arch?

A

CNVII facial

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29
Q

What does the first pharyngeal arch give rise to? (3)

A

Bones of lower two-thirds of face (maxilla and mandible)

Meckel’s cartilage

Muscles of mastication

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30
Q

What is formed from the first pharyngeal arch and what are their positions related to the stomatodeum? (2)

A

Maxillary process/palatopterygoquadrate - dorsal and lateral to stomatodeum

Mandibular process - ventral and inferior to stomatodeum

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31
Q

What does the maxillary process give rise to? (4)

A

Structures of maxilla and palate:

  • Maxillary bone
  • Premaxillary bone
  • Zygomatic bone
  • Squamous part of temporal bone
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32
Q

Where is Meckel’s cartilage initially found?

A

Within mandibular process

33
Q

How are the mandibular bone and Meckel’s cartilage linked?

A

Mandibular bone forms by ossification of mesenchymal tissue of Meckel’s cartilage

34
Q

What are the remnants of Meckel’s cartilage in adults? (2)

A

Incus and malleus of inner ear

Perichondrium of sphenomandibular and sphenomalleolar ligaments

35
Q

What muscles does the first branchial arch give rise to?

A

Muscles of mastication

36
Q

Which branchial arch is called the hyoid arch?

A

Second

37
Q

What cartilage is present in the second pharyngeal arch?

A

Hyoid/Reichert’s cartilage

38
Q

What is derived from the second branchial arch? (4)

A

Stapes

Styloid process on base of skull

Lesser horns and upper part of hyoid bone

Muscles of facial expression

39
Q

What muscles does the second branchial arch give rise to?

A

Muscles of facial expression

40
Q

What is derived from the third pharyngeal arch? (2)

A

Greater horns and lower part of hyoid bone

Stylopharyngeus muscle

41
Q

What part of the third pharyngeal arch forms the greater horns and lower part of the hyoid bone?

A

Cartilage

42
Q

What occurs during the 5th and 6th weeks of development (first arch)? (3)

A

Bilateral maxillary processes fuse with medial nasal process to form the upper lip, alveolus and primary palate

Lateral nasal processes form the alar/alae structures of the nose

Lower lip and jaw formed by the mandibular process

43
Q

What is the primary palate?

A

Extension of intermaxillary process

44
Q

When is the secondary palate complete?

A

10th week

45
Q

How is the secondary palate formed and when? (3)

A

Palatine shelves grow medially from the maxillary prominences (late 7th/8th week)

Initially palatine shelves grow beneath tongue but soon move upwards to meet at midline above tongue

Fuse with each other and nasal septum

46
Q

When and what causes the separation of the left and right nasal chambers?

A

Growth of nasal septum as secondary palate is forming (late 7th/8th week)

47
Q

How does the fusion of the palatine shelves differ between males and females?

A

Occurs one week earlier in males

48
Q

What is the incisive foramen?

A

Where the primary and secondary palate meet

49
Q

What is a cleft palate ultimately caused by?

A

Failure of palatine shelves to fuse properly during 7th-10th weeks of development

50
Q

How many cases of cleft palate is also associated with a cleft lip?

A

50%

51
Q

What can cause a cleft palate? (4)

A

Inadequate growth of palatine shelves

Failure of shelves to erupt above tongue

Excessively wide head

Failure to fuse secondary rupture after fusion

52
Q

What are some of the types of cleft lips/palates? (4)

A

Uni/bilateral cleft lip

Uni/bilateral cleft palate

Cleft uvula

Uni/bilateral cleft lip and full/anterior cleft palate

53
Q

What is another name for mandibulofacial dysostosis?

A

Treacher-Collins syndrome

54
Q

What is another name of Treacher-Collins syndrome?

A

Mandibulofacial dysostosis

55
Q

What characterises Treacher-Collins syndrome? (2)

A

Under-developed facial bones

Very small lower jaw and chin (micrognathia)

56
Q

What is another name for acrofacial dysostosis?

A

Nager syndrome

57
Q

What is another name of Nager syndrome?

A

Acrofacial dysostosis

58
Q

What characterises Nager syndrome? (4)

A

No angle between neck and chin
- Bilateral mandibular hypoplasia and severe micrognathia and retrogenia

Often a cleft palate

Prominent forehead

Possible cardiovascular and/or genitourinary abnormalities

59
Q

What are two syndromes caused by first pharyngeal arch abnormalities?

A

Nager syndrome

Treacher-Collins syndrome

60
Q

What is another name for hemifacial microsomia? (2)

A

Ocular Auricular Vertebral Spectrum

Oto-mandibular syndrome/dysostosis

61
Q

The derivatives of which arches are affected in hemifacial microsomia?

A

First and second

62
Q

What derivatives of the first branchial arch can be affected in hemifacial microsomia? (7)

A

Ramus

Mandibular condyle

TMJ

Maxilla

Masticatory muscles

Oral commissure

Ear

63
Q

What is the temporo-masseter sling and in what condition might you find it?

A

Temporal muscles and masseter muscles fused

Hemifacial microsomia

64
Q

What will abnormalities in the facial nerve in hemifacial microsomia affect?

A

Mimic musculature

65
Q

What lines pharyngeal clefts?

A

Ectoderm

66
Q

Which pharyngeal cleft forms a structure in the adult and what is this structure called?

A

First cleft

External auditory tube

67
Q

What happens to the pharyngeal clefts during development and when? (3)

A

3rd month - ectoderm at bottom of cleft proliferates to create meatal plug

7th month - plug disintegrates

All clefts other than first are obliterated by caudal expansion of second arch creating the lateral cervical sinus

68
Q

What can remnants of pharyngeal clefts result in? (2)

A

Cysts with/without fistulas

Facial nerve damage

69
Q

What lines pharyngeal pouches?

A

Endoderm

70
Q

How many of the pharyngeal pouches form structures in the adult?

A

All of them

71
Q

What does the first pharyngeal pouch give rise to?

A

Auditory tube and middle ear cavity

72
Q

What does the second pharyngeal pouch give rise to?

A

Numerous infoldings that become the crypts of the palatine tonsils

73
Q

What does the third pharyngeal pouch give rise to?

A

Divides into superior/dorsal and inferior/ventral

Superior/dorsal - inferior parathyroid glands

Inferior/ventral - thymus (epithelial reticular cells)

74
Q

What does the fourth pharyngeal pouch give rise to?

A

Divides into superior/dorsal and inferior/ventral

Superior/dorsal - superior parathyroid glands

Inferior/ventral - “fifth pharyngeal pouch” incorporated into thyroid to form parafollicular cells

75
Q

What forms the “fifth pharyngeal pouch”?

A

Inferior/ventral division of fourth pharyngeal pouch

76
Q

What nerves supply the tongue and which parts of it? (4)

A

CNV trigeminal for sensory receptors

CNVII facial for taste buds

CNIX glossopharyngeal for sensory receptors and taste buds

CNX vagus for palatoglossus muscle

77
Q

What is the hypoglossal CNXII derived from?

A

Occipital somites

78
Q

What are the 2 mesodermal origins of the tongue?

A

Somites

Hypoglossal cord (migratory cells)

79
Q

What is the common name of ankyloglossia?

A

Tongue tie

OCB02 (19 decks)

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