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OCB02 > Embryogenesis > Flashcards

Embryogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the blastocyst?

A

Ball of 50-150 cells encased in a membrane

4-5 days post-fertilisation

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2
Q

What are the two cell populations which develop from the blastocyst?

A

Inner cell mass

Trophectoderm

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3
Q

What is generated from the inner cell mass?

A

Embryo

Extra-embryonic tissue

(Source of embryonic stem cells)

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4
Q

What is generated from the trophectoderm?

A

Extra-embryonic tissue only

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5
Q

What is the fluid-filled cavity of the blastocyst called?

A

Blastocele

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6
Q

What are the two properties of embryonic stem cells?

A

Can divide to renew themselves without losing pluripotency

Can differentiate into all cells of the body

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7
Q

When does implantation begin?

A

6 days post-fertilisation

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8
Q

What is implantation?

A

Trophoblasts make contact with uterine wall and infiltrates/implants

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9
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

Generation of the three germ layers

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10
Q

What happens to the inner cell mass before gastrulation?

A

Flattens into a 2-layered disc

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11
Q

What is derived from the inner cell mass when it flattens?

A

Epiblast

Hypoblast

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12
Q

What is generated from the epiblast?

A

Embryo

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13
Q

What is generated from the hypoblast?

A

Extra-embryonic tissue

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14
Q

Where and when does the primitive streak form?

A

At one end of epiblast

At 12 days

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15
Q

What is the primitive streak?

A

Where cells ingress through to form endoderm and mesoderm (site of gastrulation)

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16
Q

What happens during gastrulation?

A

Cells in epiblast migrate towards primitive streak

At 14-15 days, ingressing cells form endoderm which integrates with hypoblast

At 16 days, ingressing cells form mesoderm which lies above endoderm

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17
Q

When is the endoderm formed?

A

14-15 days

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18
Q

When is the mesoderm formed?

A

16 days

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19
Q

Describe the cells in each of the germ layers.

A

Ectoderm: tall columnar

Mesoderm: flat, fibroblast-like with protrusions

Endoderm: cuboidal

20
Q

What structures are derived from the ectoderm?

A

Skin

Nervous system

21
Q

What structures are derived from the mesoderm?

A

Vertebral column

Skeleton

Skeletal muscle

Circulatory system

Blood

Kidneys

22
Q

What structures are derived from the endoderm?

A

Gastrointestinal tract

23
Q

What structures are derived from the endoderm and mesoderm?

A

Lungs

Pancreas

Liver

Thymus

24
Q

Give the names of the regions which describe the medial-lateral axis.

A

Axial

Paraxial

Intermediate

Lateral plate

25
Q

What is derived from the axial mesoderm?

A

Notochord - centre of vertebral disc

Prechordal mesoderm - (some) muscles in head

26
Q

What is derived from the paraxial mesoderm?

A

Somites in trunk - skeleton, muscles, dermis

27
Q

What is derived from the intermediate mesoderm?

A

Kidneys

Part of genital system

28
Q

What is derived from the lateral plate mesoderm?

A

Viscera

Inner lining of body wall

Dermis

29
Q

What determines a cell’s final position in the medial-lateral axis?

A

Position of the cell along the primitive streak

30
Q

What does the position of a cell along the primitive streak determine?

A

The cell’s final position in the medial-lateral axis

31
Q

Where do the cells at the tip of the primitive streak move into (mesoderm)?

A

Notochord - axial

32
Q

What is the equivalent to the medial-lateral axis?

A

Dorsal-ventral axis

33
Q

What is the equivalent of the rostral-caudal axis?

A

Head-tail axis

34
Q

What determines a cell’s position along the rostral-caudal axis?

A

Order in which it emerges from the primitive streak

35
Q

What does the order in which cells emerge from the primitive streak determine?

A

The cells’ position along the rostral-caudal axis

36
Q

Which cells will be most rostral?

A

Cells which leave the primitive streak first

37
Q

Which cells will be most caudal?

A

Cells which leave the primitive streak last

38
Q

What is the neural plate?

A

Origin of CNS

39
Q

What germ layer is the neural plate derived from?

A

Ectoderm

40
Q

How does the neural plate form the neural tube?

A

Invagination along midline of neural plate and ectoderm cells elongate

Neural folds move towards each other and fuse at hindbrain then zips to close in both directions (neuralation)

Separates from surface ectoderm which closes over it

41
Q

How and in what way is the neural tube patterned?

A

Signals from axial mesoderm

Motor neurons formed at ventral end

Sensory neurons formed at dorsal end

42
Q

What tissue initiates/signals for the separation of the eye field and when?

A

Axial mesoderm

19-20 days

43
Q

What causes defects in midline patterning (eg. cyclopsy)?

A

Mutations in Sonic Hedgehog pathway expressed in axial mesoderm

44
Q

Where does the lateral body wall fuse relative to the neural tube?

A

Anterior to neural tube with ectoderm on outside

45
Q

Where are the neural crest cells derived from?

A

Dorsal neural tube

46
Q

What do the trunk neural crest cells form?

A

Melanocytes

Sensory neurons

Sympathetic neurons

Enteric neurons

Glia

47
Q

What do the head neural crest cells form?

A

Melanocytes

Cranial ganglia

Craniofacial skeleton

Odontogenic mesenchyme (ectomesenchyme)

OCB02 (19 decks)

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