Sustainable development Flashcards
What is the risk of missing out on e-government services?
Consequences of Lack of access and inability of disadvantaged groups
Diminishes social inclusion and weakens social and economic development programs
Who is more likely to miss out on e-government services?
Disadvantaged groups
Disadvantaged groups are often more in need of governments services but are more likely to miss out on what e-government has to offer
How does lack of access to e-government services affect the underprivileged?
Underprivileged are deeply reliant on public services
They become more excluded
They lack access and/or skills become even more excluded due to their inability to access such services
What is the definition of a vulnerable or disadvantaged person in the context of e-government?
a vulnerable or disadvantaged person
Unable to access online information or e-services or for whom such access requires a disproportionate level of effort, with this lack of access placing that individual at a disadvantage
This term is applied to groups of people (children, pregnant women, elderly people, malnourished people, prisoners, migrants and refugees, people who uses drugs, and people who are ill or immune compromized, etc.) who, due to factors usually considered outside their control, do not have the same opportunities as other, more fortunate groups in society
What is marginalization?
Lack of opportunities for certain groups
Who are some examples of marginalized groups?
Children, pregnant women, elderly, malnourished, prisoners, migrants, refugees, drug users, and the ill or immune compromised
Is marginalization intentional or unintentional?
Can be both
May be intentional or unintentional, and very often, intersectionality adds another layer of complexity.
What is intersectionality?
Adds complexity to marginalization
What may result in being left behind in e-government development?
High connectivity costs or inability to access services or participate in consultative processes.
Why may vulnerable populations be overlooked in e-government development?
One-size-fits-all approach (such as a digital- by-default policy) or failure to consider power dynamics
Who is most susceptible to digital exclusion?
Socioeconomically disadvantaged individuals and groups
In some cases, such exclusion may be deliberate in the sense that it results from discrimination, injustice, the denial of services, the absence of legal status or exclusionary policies.
What can serve as an equalizer in the face of digital inequality?
Accessible e-government
if it is accessible to all members of society.
What does inclusion in e-government mean?
Utilizing digital platforms for public services that optimize, automate and accelerate the provision of traditional public services.
Why is digital inclusion important?
It is a necessity for all individuals
Every individual — regardless of age, race, gender, ethnicity, legal status, place of residence, or socioeconomic status — is entitled to basic rights and services, including e- government services.
What does the digital divide reflect?
Longstanding structural inequalities
Who is most likely to be digitally excluded?
Vulnerable populations
While vulnerable populations may stand to benefit most from digital and learning technologies, they are also the most likely to be digitally excluded.
What role can public institutions play in addressing the digital divide?
Identifying marginalized individuals and directing resources
Funding and resources are directed towards addressing any gaps identified.
Vicious Intergenerational Cycle of Poverty
What factors can lead to discrimination or deepen disadvantage?
Conditions associated with poverty
How can barriers contribute to the perpetuation of poverty?
By preventing vulnerable populations from accessing microcredit and employment
What impact does limited voice in policy processes have on poverty?
It deepens the intergenerational cycle of poverty
The individuals and populations affected have little or no voice in policy design, formulation and implementation.
Why might people remain poor even if they gain economic means?
Because they’re excluded from decision-making and society
What is lacking in terms of digital access for economically disadvantaged populations?
Services they need online
Even if economically disadvantaged populations are able to gain digital access, relatively few countries are offering the services they need online.
How many countries allow people to apply for unemployment benefits online?
48
How many countries provide a digital option for applying for social protection programs?
social protection programs such as maternity care, child subsidies, pensions, housing or food allowances
58
Both within and between countries:
What does lower income usually correlate with?
lower rate of internet penetration and e-government implementation
What is a major concern in the ‘States’?
E-government uptake
What does a significant portion of the population lose access lose access to as more services are moved online?
job openings, healthcare, education, and other government services
Who are the ‘digital poor’?
Those who are left behind due to certain inherent or perceived characteristics
or are in situations that effectively prevent them from accessing the digital opportunities enjoyed by others.
What is digital poverty?
An added dimension that further disadvantages already disadvantaged groups.
What are e-health inequalities?
Differences in the opportunity to use the Internet for health services.
it present a major challenge for developing as well as developed countries.
Why are e-health inequalities a challenge?
They can lead to new health inequalities.
if e-health implementation occurs at the expense of disadvantaged and vulnerable groups.
Who is likely to benefit less from e-government development?
The most disadvantaged groups.
What did a US Federal Communication Commission’s report (2010) find?
Growing broadband needs driven by e-health data and large file exchange
e.g., 3D imaging
This is leading to “connectivity disparity” between different ethnic groups and geographies in the country
What is connectivity disparity?
Unequal access to broadband based on ethnicity and geography
US Federal Communication Commission’s report (2010)
What broadband service do health providers often use in poor communities?
Lower level of broadband service
The FCC’s Mission:
What is the mission of the Federal Communications Commission?
Regulating interstate and international communications by radio, television, wire, satellite, and cable in all 50 states
The District of Columbia and U.S. territories
An independent U.S. government agency overseen by Congress, the Commission is the federal agency responsible for implementing and enforcing America’s communications law and regulations
What are the strategic goals of the FCC?
Closing the Digital Divide, Promoting Innovation, Protecting Consumers & Public Safety, Reforming the FCC’s Processes
What did the European e-Government Action Plan (2006) focus on?
Inclusive e-government
The European e-Government Action Plan (2006)
Why was inclusive e-government important?
over the next ten years 30% of the adult population would not be online
The European e-Government Action Plan (2006)
Who were the citizens that would not be online?
Those who were vulnerable in some way
The European e-Government Action Plan (2006)
What was the goal of the work undertaken?
To ensure that these groups receive the advantages of e-government and better target people and localities in need
What are the eGovernment Action Plans?
Political instruments for modernizing public administrations across the European Union
They have been supporting coordination and collaboration between Member States and the Commission and led to joint actions on eGovernment
What do the eGovernment Action Plans aim to do?
The Digital Single Market Strategy for Europe (DSM) announces the launch of a new eGovernment Action Plan for 2016-2020
Remove digital barriers and prevent fragmentation arising in the context of the modernisation of public administrations.
What does the Digital Single Market Strategy announce?
Launch of new eGovernment Action Plan
What is the purpose of the EU eGovernment Action Plan?
To join up efforts and deliver benefits
What are the principles that forthcoming initiatives should observe?
Shared long-term vision
The vision sets out a number of principles that forthcoming initiatives should observe in order to deliver the significant benefits that eGovernment can bring to businesses, citizens and public administrations themselves.
What are the two main goals of e-government policy strategies?
Increasing connectivity and reducing the cost of connectivity.
Policy Strategies should ensure that underprivileged citizens can take advantage of e- government services by providing underprivileged with the public internet facilities,
What is the 2016-2020 Action Plan focused on?3. Inclusiveness and accessibility.
- Digital divide
- Once only principle
- Inclusiveness and accessibility.
- Openness & transparency
- Cross-border by default
- Interoperability by default
- Trustworthiness and security
Digital divide:
How should public administrations deliver services?
Digitally as the preferred option (while still keeping other channels open for those who are disconnected by choice or necessity)
What should public services be delivered through?
Single contact point or one-stop-shop and via diferrent channels
Once only principlem:
What should public administrations ensure regarding information supply?
Supply same information only once
Once only principle:
What action can public administration offices take with the internally re-used data?
Take action in respect of data protection rules
What should digital public services cater for?
Different needs of all citizens
needs such as those of the elderly and people with disabilities
Opennes & transparency
What should public administrations do in terms of sharing information and data?
Share information and data between themselves
What should public administrations enable citizens and businesses to do?
Access, control, and correct their own data
enable users to monitor administrative processes that involve them; engage with and open up to stakeholders (such as businesses, researchers and nonprofit organisations) in the design and delivery of services
Oppeness & transparency
What should public administrations enable users to do?
Monitor administrative processes involving them
Who should public administrations engage with in the design and delivery of services?
Stakeholders (such as businesses, researchers, and nonprofit organizations)
What should public administrations prevent in terms of digital public services?
Fragmentation and facilitate mobility within the Single Market and public administrations should make relevant digital public services available across borders
Interopablility be default
What should public services be designed to do?
Work seamlessly across the Single Market and organisational silos
What is the importance of the free movement of data and digital services in the European Union?
Important for the design of public services
Trustworthiness and security:
What should initiatives in public services go beyond?
Mere compliance with legal frameworks
What elements should be integrated in the design phase of public services?
Personal data protection, privacy, and IT security
Why is integrating personal data protection, privacy, and IT security important?
Increasing trust and take-up of digital services
What is the concept of Digital by Default?
Public administrations should deliver services digitally as the preferred option.
What is the Once Only principle?
Citizens and businesses should supply the same information only once to a public administration.
What does it mean for public administrations to be open and transparent?
They should share information and data, enable citizens and businesses to access and control their own data, and engage with stakeholders
What does trustworthiness and security entail?
Initiatives should go beyond mere compliance with legal frameworks and integrate elements of personal data protection, privacy, and IT security in the design phase.
WHAT IS “SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT”?
What does development theory equate development with?
National economic growth
How is sustainable development defined?
Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising future generations
What does sustainable development entail?
Intra-generational and inter-generational equity and integration, along with a balanced consideration of social, economic, and environmental objectives
What is the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development?
An agenda that aims to address people, planet, prosperity, peace, and partnership
It promotes novel approaches to achieving sustainable development in all countries, embracing innovative solutions that can propel humanity forward.
As part of the UN Agenda articulate the most urgent global challenges
What are the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?
The meaning behind them
Blueprint for building a better world
What is the concept of intra-generational equity?
Sustainable development entails intra-generational and inter-generational equity and integration
Fairness and justice within the present generation
What does sustainable development promote?
Novel approaches and innovative solutions
What does inter-generational equity stipulate?
Rights and obligations of current and future generations regarding the environment.
What role does e-government play in sustainable development?
Building effective, accountable, resilient, and inclusive institutions.
Nearly every country is engaged in the process of modernization
Is every country at the same level of development?
No
while institutions at all levels are committed to digital transformation, approaches and outcomes vary greatly.
Are approaches and outcomes of digital transformation consistent?
No, they vary greatly.
What has emerged as the central axis of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development?
The principle of leaving no one behind
T or F:
All countries are able to achieve the same sustainable development gains through e-government development
False
the benefits to communities and vulnerable segments of the population have been disproportionate and uneven.
What is the common vision shared by all countries and stakeholders?
Sustainable development is for all
What condition must be met for the goals, indicators, and targets of the 2030 Agenda to be considered fulfilled?
They must be met for every person on Earth
What is the importance of including vulnerable segments of society in sustainable development?
Sustainable development is not possible without including vulnerable segments of society.
How many countries are ready to meet their commitment to leaving no one behind according to the assessment in 2020?
Only 75 countries
Who are vulnerable and disadvantaged groups?
Ethnic minorities, migrants, disabled people, the homeless, those struggling with substance abuse, isolated elderly people and children
all often face difficulties that can lead to further social exclusion, such as low levels of education and unemployment or underemployment.
The three pillars of sustainable development
- Social Sustainability
- Environmental Sustainability
- Economic Sustainability
E-government Provide new opportunities to integrate economic, social, and environmental pillars of sustainable development
What are examples of e-government services for social sustainability?
E-health and e-information services for agriculture in rural areas
E-emplyment as well
What are examples of e-government services for Environment sustainability?
- Environment monitoring Services
- New E-government Services Based on combined environmental data
Products such as maps and statistical analysis
What are examples of e-government services for Economic sustainability?
- E-procurement services for greater effeciency and provision of Information
- E-payment Services to poor
