Surg 126--Final Flashcards
aa
of each
ad
to, up to
ad lib
as desired
amt
amount
c (with line over it)
with
KVO, TKO
keep vein open, to keep open
npo, NPO
nothing by mouth
per
by means of, by
Rx
take
s (with line over it)
without
sig
label
sos
once if necessary
stat
immediately
bid
twice a day
H, hr
hour
PRN, prn
as necessary (pro re nata)
q
every
qh
every hour
q2h
every 2 hours
qid
four times a day
tid
three times a day
cap
capsule
tab
tablet
gtts
drops
soin
solution
susp
suspension
ung
ointment
im
intramuscular
iv
intravenous
PO, po
per os, orally
Absorption is the process _____.
by which a drug is taken into the body and moves from the site of administration into the blood
Oral absorption varies depending on the drug’s chemical structure as well as the _____ and _____ of the gastrointestinal tract.
pH (acidity), motility
Synergists are _____.
drugs that enhance the effect of another drug
The Controlled Substance Act was passed in _____.
1970
The Controlled Substance Act _____.
- established the DEA
- set tighter controls on drugs capable of being abused
- required stricter security controls for anyone who dispenses, receives, sells, or destroys controlled substances
- set limits on the use of prescriptions: established guidelines for the number of times drugs can be prescribed in a period of time, and set rules on which preparations may be prescribed over the phone to the pharmacy
- required each prescriber register with DEA, and obtain DEA number
- identified drugs that can be abused and that are addicting, classifying them into schedules according to the degree of danger
What are state practice acts and what do they govern?
they govern the ordering, dispensing and administration of medication
All new medicines and first tested on _____.
animals
Atleast _____ species of _____ must be used for testing on animals.
two, mammals (both genders must be used)
“What drug is required?”
right drug
“How much of the drug is required in what concentration?”
right dose
“How will the drug be administered?”
right route
“Who will receive the drug?”
right patient
“When will the drug be administered?”
right time
“Accurately recorded?”
right documentation
Medication must be carefully identified by both the _____ and _____.
circulator and scrub
Scrub must always state the _____ and _____ of the drug aloud as he hands it to the surgeon.
name and strength
Why must the scrub always state the name and strength of the drug aloud as he hands it to the surgeon?
Serves as confirmation that the medication is correct
True or False: The name should be spoken aloud even if the syringe (or other delivery container) is labeled
True
What are the six steps is medication identification?
Step 1-Circulator reads the label
Step 2-Circulator reads labels aloud to the scrub
Step 3-Circulator shows label to the scrub
Step 4-Scrub states medication information aloud
Step 5-Scrub accepts medication
Step 6-Scrub labels medication containers immediately
What are antibiotics?
Natural chemicals (or metabolites) produced by microorganisms that inhibit the growth of other microorganisms.
The natural substances that make up antibiotics include _____ and _____.
Fungi (and molds) and bacteria
What percentage of antibiotics in the U.S. are prescribed for prophylaxis of infections?
30 – 50%
Surgical site infections, are they exogenous or endogenous?
endogenous
Preoperatively and intraoperatively, medications are given _____.
intravenously
Which antibiotic has 4 generations?
cephalosporins
Ampicillin is generic for _____.
aminopenicillin
To perform a radiopaque contrast media test, a _____ is injected into the circulatory system or instilled into a body cavity; then a radiograph is taken.
contrast medium
Pharmacologic agents called _____ are used in certain diagnostic radiographic tests.
radiopaque contrast media (ROCM)
Many contrast media contain _____ or _____, which are radiopaque.
iodine
barium
_____ are solutions that color or mark tissue for identification.
Dyes
Dyes may be used to mark _____.
skin incisions
Dyes may be used to delineate normal _____.
tissue planes
Dyes may be used to _____ of certain anatomic structures during a surgical procedure.
enhance visualization
_____ are used in surgery to help visually identify abnormal cells.
Staining agents
Staining agents are most frequently used in procedures on the _____.
cervix
_____ are chemicals in solution that react differently with abnormal cells from the way the react with normal cells.
Staining agents
_____ are high-density pharmacological agents used to visualize low-contrast body tissues.
Contrast media
Contrast media are used to visualize _____, _____, _____, and the _____.
vascular structures
the urinary bladder
the gastrointestinal tract
the biliary tree
Contrast media can be easily confused with other medications on the sterile back table because they are _____.
clear in color
Methylene blue is most often used in surgery during procedures on the _____ or _____.
urinary bladder
fallopian tubes
To detect possible injury, _____ is instilled into the bladder through an indwelling urinary catheter.
Methylene blue
Methylene blue is used to check for leaks or tears in the _____.
bladder
In gynecology, methylene blue is used to demonstrate _____ of the fallopian tubes.
patency
Methylene blue is used to check the fallopian tubes in a procedure called _____.
tubal dye study (TDS)
Delineation of lymphatic vessels for sentinel lymph node biopsy.
lymphazurin
Given to color the urine for verification of bladder integrity or kidney function. Excreted by the kidneys usually with in 10 minutes after injection.
indigo carmine
Dyes used for skin marking.
gentian violet
Staining agents may be used in surgery to help identify _____ for biopsy or excision. Used in GYN to locate areas of cervical dysplasia.
abnormal tissue
Normal level of potassium
3.5 to 5.0
Too much potassium is _____.
Hyperkalemia
Where are nephrons found?
Bowmans capsule
Medications administered to prevent reabsorption of sodium and water by the kidneys?
Diuretics
What is the trade name for furosemide?
Lasix
Lasix (furosemide) is a _____ diuretic.
loop
Lasix is _____ ceiling diuretic.
high
Low potency diuretics commonly used to treat edema and hypertension and to help restore potassium levels in hypokalemic patients.
Potassium-sparring drugs
What type of diuretic is hydrochlorothiazide?
Thiazide diuretic
What is the most common cardiac dysfunction requiring treatment with diuretics?
CHF (congestive heart failure)
Used to treat acute renal failure after cardiac surgery, to treat intracranial pressure, and to reduce intraocular pressure in the open globe.
osmotic diuretics
Given to necessitate placement of indwelling catheters.
Osmitrol
Critical for the development of male sex organs and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics.
androgens, primarily testosterone
What gland secretes oxytocin?
the neurohypophysis of the pituitary gland
What are steroid hormones derived from?
cholesterol
The simplest hormones are _____, derived from amino acids.
amines
Hormones made of short chains of amino acids are called _____.
peptide hormones
What is the generic name for pitressin?
vasopressin
What is pitressin used to stabilize?
fluid balance
What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism?
sleepy, tire easy, less mentally alert, reduced endurance, slow heart rate
Hormones produced by medulla of Adrenal glands are collectively called?
catecholamines
What initiates the “Fight or Flight Response”?
epinephrine & norepinephrine
What gland produces Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)?
Anterior lobe of the pituitary (adenohypophysis)
What hormone is used with local anesthetics?
epinephrine
What steroid maintains sodium levels in blood?
alsosterone
What is the generic for Decadron?
Dexamethasone
What organ functions as exocrine and endocrine gland?
pancreas
What are the ovarian hormones?
- Estrogens
- Progestins
- Inhibin
What are the stages of clotting?
a. Thromboplastin is formed
b. Thromboplastin converts to prothrombin to thrombin
c. Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin
What is a natural clot-dissolving enzyme?
Fibrinolysin
What vitamin plays role in coagulation?
vitamin K
What procedure is done to remove blood clot?
arterial embolectomy
Types of microfibrillar collagen?
- avitene
- instat MCH
How is avitene applied?
dry instruments only
A mechanical barrier used in Ortho and neurosurgery to control bleeding on bone surface.
bone wax
Example of a cauterizing agent.
silver nitrate
Calcium salts are contraindicated in patients with _____.
Malignant Hyperthermia (MH)
Why are anticoagulants used?
to help prevent clot formation
In AV fistulas _____ units of heparin in _____ mL of saline is used.
5000
1000
What is the onset and duration of Heparin?
Rapid, with in 5 min, with duration of 2 to 4 hrs
Generic name for Coumadin?
warfarin
What drug is used to reverse heparin
protamine sulfate
Why are oral anticoagulants used?
for long-term medical management of thromboembolic disease such as DVT or pulmonary embolism
Name 9 electrolytes…
- sodium
- chloride
- potassium
- calcium
- magnesium
- phosphate
- bicarbonate
- sulfate
- carbonic acid
What are normal hemoglobin levels in adult females?
12 to 16 g/100mL
What are normal hemoglobin levels in adult males?
14 to 18 g/100mL
Normal hematocrit levels in females?
35-46%
Normal hematocrit levels in males?
40-52%
What blood test measures oxygen carrying capacities of the blood?
hematocrit
What blood component contains hemoglobin?
RBC
What are some risks associated with donor blood?
transmission of blood-borne pathogens such as Hep B and C and HIV.
How long after thawing must plasma be used?
within 6 hours
Which formed element of blood is necessary for clotting?
platelets
Which form of donor blood contains RBC’s?
whole blood
What is auto transfusion?
Involves the collection, processing, and reinfusing of the patient’s own blood during surgery using “cell saver” technology. Results in little damage to RBC’s.
When is cell saver used?
-emergency procedures when rapid infusion is required
