Surg 126--Chapter 8 Flashcards
1
Q
Chemicals released by endocrine glands into the bloodstream.
A
Hormones
2
Q
How do hormones maintain homeostasis?
A
By altering the activities of specific target cells.
3
Q
What functions are regulated by hormones?
A
- reproduction
- growth and development
- metabolism
4
Q
Works with the nervous system to relay messages to maintain homeostasis.
A
endocrine system
5
Q
How are hormones classified?
A
steroid or nonsteroid
6
Q
Steroid hormones are derived from _____.
A
cholesterol
7
Q
In cellular mitochondria, enzymes convert cholesterol into _____, which is not a hormone, but the immediate precursor molecule to the synthesis of all steroid hormones.
A
pregnenolone
8
Q
Steroid hormones are classified as:
A
- glucocorticoids (cortisol)
- mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
- estrogens
- progestogens (progesterone)
- androgens (male sex hormones, testosterone)
9
Q
Nonsteroid hormones are synthesized from _____.
A
amino acids
10
Q
The simplest hormones are _____, derived from amino acids.
A
amines
11
Q
Nonsteroid, amine hormones include:
A
- epinephrine
- norepinephrine
- throxine
- triiodothyronine
12
Q
Hormones made of short chains of amino acids are called _____.
A
peptide hormones
13
Q
Nonsteroid, peptide hormones include:
A
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin
14
Q
Longer, folded chains of amino acids are called _____.
A
protein hormones
15
Q
Nonsteroid, protein hormones include:
A
- growth hormone (GH)
- parathyroid hormone (PTH)
- insulin
- glucagon
16
Q
Hypothalamus hormones:
A
Production of ADH, oxytocin and regulatory hormones
17
Q
Pituitary hormones:
A
Anterior pituitary:
-adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
-thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
-growth hormone (GH)
-prolactin (PRL)
-follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
-luteinizing hormone (LH)
-MSH
Posterior pituitary:
-release of oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH)
18
Q
Thyroid hormones:
A
- Thyroxin (T4)
- Triiodothyronine (T3)
- Calcitonin (CT)
19
Q
Thymus hormones:
A
Thymosins
atrophies during adulthood
20
Q
Adrenal hormones:
A
Medulla:
-Epinephrine (E)
-Norepinephrine (NE)
Cortex:
-Cortisol
-Corticosterone
-Aldosterone
-Androgens
21
Q
Pineal glands:
A
-Melatonin
22
Q
Parathyroid hormones:
A
-Parathyroid hormones (PTH)
23
Q
Heart hormones:
A
-Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
24
Q
Kidney hormones:
A
- Erythropoietin (EPO)
- Calcitrol
25
Digestive tract hormones:
-Numerous hormones
26
Pancreatic Islet hormones:
- Insulin
| - Glucagon
27
Gondad hormones:
```
Ovaries (Female)
-Estrogens
-Progestins
-Inhibin
Testes (Male)
-Androgens
-Testosterone
-Inhibin
```
28
Know as the "master gland," has a vital role in the reproduction and growth, and it regulates the function of the renal system and thyroid gland.
Pituitary gland
29
The pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus by a stalk called the _____.
infundibulum
30
It is divided into two lobes--the anterior or _____ and the posterior or _____.
- adenohypophysis
| - neurohypophysis
31
Stimulates the uterine contractions necessary for normal labor and delivery.
oxytocin
32
Oxytocin is available as:
- oxytocin
- pitocin
- syntocinon
33
It is important to avoid confusion of _____ and _____.
Pitocin and Pitressin
34
A vascular structure consisting of two lobes joined by an isthmus.
thyroid gland
35
The largest of the endocrine glands, the _____ is located below the larynx, on both sides of the trachea in the anterior neck.
thyroid
36
What sets the rate of body metabolism?
thyroid gland
37
Lack of thyroid hormones slows _____.
metabolism
38
What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?
Graves disease
39
An autoimmune disorder in which the body attacks the thyroid gland causing it to over-produce thyroxine.
Graves disease
40
What hormones are regulated by thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) (thyrotopin), which is produced in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
- Thyroxin (T4)
| - Triiodothyronine (T3)
41
What hormones are essential for normal growth and development, and help regulate metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins?
- Thyroxin (T4)
| - Triiodothyronine (T3)
42
Require iodine salts for production.
- Thyroxin (T4)
| - Triiodothyronine (T3)
43
What hormone helps to control calcium and phosphate concentrations in the blood, and is regulated by blood levels of these ions
Calcitonin
44
Affects calcium and phosphate levels by inhibiting the rate of release from bone, increasing the rate of incorporation of these ions into bone, and increasing excretion of these ions by the kidneys.
Calcitonin
45
What is a common antithyroid medication?
Tapazole
46
Small, yellowish-brown ovals, approximately 6mm in length, and frequently covered with adipose tissue.
parathyroid gland
47
Usually found embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland.
parathyroid gland
48
The number of parathyroid glands may vary from _____ to ______, with 90% of the patients having _____; _____ on each side of the thyroid gland.
two to six
four
two
49
Parathyroid gland produces _____, which monitors circulating concentrations of calcium ions in the blood.
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
50
Parathyroid hormone has four major functions:
1. to stimulate osteoclasts
2. to inhibit osteoblasts
3. to enhance the reabsorption of calcium deposition in the bone
4. to stimulate the formation and secretion of calcitriol at the kidneys
51
PTH stimulates osteoclasts which accelerates mineral turnover and _____.
the release of calcium from bone
52
PTH inhibits osteoblasts reducing the rate of _____.
calcium deposition in bone
53
PTH enhances the reabsorption of calcium at the kindeys, reducing its loss via _____.
urine
54
PTH stimulates the formation and secretion of calcitriol at the kidneys for enhancement of calcium and phosphate absorption by the _____.
digestive tract
55
Inadequate amounts of PTH result in low calcium concentrations and _____.
hypoparathyroidism
56
Hypoparathyroidism can cause a condition called _____.
tetany
57
Characterized by prolonged muscle spasms involving the face and extremities.
tetany
58
Parathyroid hormone includes _____.
teriparatide (Forteo)
59
True or False: Parathyroid hormones are not administered in surgery from the sterile back table.
True
60
What causes hyperparathyroidism?
calcium concentrations become too high
61
Bones can grow thin and brittle, skeletal muscles weaken, and the CNS is depresses.
hypepararthyroidism
62
Highly vascular, pyramid-shaped glands positioned on top of each kidney.
Adrenal glands
63
What are the parts of the adrenal glands.
- central portion
- medulla
- cortex
64
Produces, stores, and secretes the hormones epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and dopamine, collectively called catecholamines.
Adrenal medulla
65
Work with the sympathetic nervous system to prepare the body for the fight-or-flight response to stress.
epinephrine and norepinephrine
66
Effects of these hormones include increased heart rate, increased force of cardiac muscle contraction, vasoconstriction, elevated blood pressure, increased respiratory rate, and decreased digestive system activity.
epinephrine and norepinephrine
67
What are the two major groups of adrenal cortex hormones?
glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids (steroids)
68
What is the most important mineralcorticoid?
aldosterone
69
Maintains homeostatic levels of sodium and potassium in the blood.
aldosterone
70
Used alone or in combination to reduce or inhibit the inflammatory response after surgical procedures such as shoulder arthroscopy or cataract extraction.
glucocorticoids
71
Used medically to help prevent rejection of donated organs, to reduce the inflammatory response in patients with arthritis, and with aldosterone as replacement therapy for Addison's disease.
glucocorticoids
72
Used for the treatment of autoimmune disorders, to suppress hypersensitivity reactions, and to alleviate cerebral edema.
glucocorticoids
73
Glucocorticoids administered for diseases such as arthritis are used as _____.
palliatives
74
Drugs that relieve symptoms, but they do not cure the condition or disease.
palliative drugs
75
How are glucocorticoids administered?
- orally
- topically
- intramuscularly
- intraarticularly
- IV
- inhalation
76
Glucocorticoids may be _____ or _____ depending on the agent used.
long- or short-acting
77
Naturally occurring steroids:
- cortisone
- hydrocortisone
- aldosterone
78
Synthetic steroid hormones include:
- prednisone
| - betamethasone
79
Posterior to the stomach and behind the parietal peritoneum, is divided into three anatomic areas.
pancreas
80
What are the three areas of the pancreas?
- the head (lies within the loop of the duodenum)
- the body
- the tail
81
The pancreas functions as a exocrine gland for _____ and as an endocrine gland for _____.
digestion
| release of hormones
82
The primary source for the vital digestive enzymes amylase, lipase, and proteinase.
exocrine pancreas
83
Closely associated with blood vessels, which facilitate the transport of pancreatic hormones to the body.
endocrine portion of the pancreas
84
Pancreatic hormones are produced by clusters of cells called _____ or _____.
pancreatic islets or the islets of Langerhans
85
Pancreatic alpha cells secrete _____.
glucagon
86
Pancreatic beta cells secrete _____.
insulin
87
Regulates metabolism of glucose.
glucagon and insulin
88
Glucagon is a protein; it stimulates the liver to _____, thus increasing blood sugar levels.
break down glycogen into glucose
89
Insulin, also a protein, stimulates the liver to _____, thus lowering blood sugar levels.
form glycogen from glucose
90
Caused by an autoimmune disorder in which the body attacks its own pancreatic B-cells; body fails to produce insulin
Type-1 diabetes
91
The body's tissues fail to respond to the action of insulin on target cells; may be effectively managed with diet and exercise or administration or oral antidiabetic drugs.
Type-2 diabetes
92
True or False: Medications used to treat diabetes are not administered from the sterile back table.
True
93
Located in the pelvic cavity, paired glands that produce estrogen and progesterone.
ovaries
94
Critical to the development and maintenance of female sex characteristics, including the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and lactation.
estrogen and progesterone
95
Used as oral contraceptives (birth control hormones) and may be used for hormone replacement therapy (HRT) after menopause or oophorectomy.
estrogen and progesterone
96
May be used to treat symptomatic endometriosis of pregnancy is not desired and symptoms of fibrocystic breast changes
birth control hormones (estrogen and progesterone)
97
Used for palliative treatment of advanced androgen-dependent prostate cancer and metastatic breast cancer.
estrogen
98
May be used on vaginal packing placed after vaginal hysterectomy and administered from the back table.
Cream form of estrogen
99
True or False: Estrogen and progesterone are not routinely administered from the sterile back table.
True
100
Produce male sex hormones called androgens.
endocrine cells in the testes
101
Critical for the development of male sex organs and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics.
androgens, primarily testosterone
102
May be used to treat hypogonadism and some types of advanced breast cancer in females.
testosterone
