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Surg Tech 126 > Surg 126--Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Surg 126--Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Chemicals released by endocrine glands into the bloodstream.

A

Hormones

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2
Q

How do hormones maintain homeostasis?

A

By altering the activities of specific target cells.

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3
Q

What functions are regulated by hormones?

A
  • reproduction
  • growth and development
  • metabolism
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4
Q

Works with the nervous system to relay messages to maintain homeostasis.

A

endocrine system

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5
Q

How are hormones classified?

A

steroid or nonsteroid

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6
Q

Steroid hormones are derived from _____.

A

cholesterol

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7
Q

In cellular mitochondria, enzymes convert cholesterol into _____, which is not a hormone, but the immediate precursor molecule to the synthesis of all steroid hormones.

A

pregnenolone

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8
Q

Steroid hormones are classified as:

A
  • glucocorticoids (cortisol)
  • mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
  • estrogens
  • progestogens (progesterone)
  • androgens (male sex hormones, testosterone)
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9
Q

Nonsteroid hormones are synthesized from _____.

A

amino acids

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10
Q

The simplest hormones are _____, derived from amino acids.

A

amines

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11
Q

Nonsteroid, amine hormones include:

A
  • epinephrine
  • norepinephrine
  • throxine
  • triiodothyronine
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12
Q

Hormones made of short chains of amino acids are called _____.

A

peptide hormones

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13
Q

Nonsteroid, peptide hormones include:

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin

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14
Q

Longer, folded chains of amino acids are called _____.

A

protein hormones

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15
Q

Nonsteroid, protein hormones include:

A
  • growth hormone (GH)
  • parathyroid hormone (PTH)
  • insulin
  • glucagon
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16
Q

Hypothalamus hormones:

A

Production of ADH, oxytocin and regulatory hormones

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17
Q

Pituitary hormones:

A 
Anterior pituitary:
     -adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
     -thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
     -growth hormone (GH)
     -prolactin (PRL)
     -follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
     -luteinizing hormone (LH)
     -MSH
Posterior pituitary:
     -release of oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH)
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18
Q

Thyroid hormones:

A
  • Thyroxin (T4)
  • Triiodothyronine (T3)
  • Calcitonin (CT)
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19
Q

Thymus hormones:

A

Thymosins

atrophies during adulthood

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20
Q

Adrenal hormones:

A 
Medulla:
     -Epinephrine (E)
     -Norepinephrine (NE)
Cortex:
     -Cortisol
     -Corticosterone
     -Aldosterone
     -Androgens
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21
Q

Pineal glands:

A

-Melatonin

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22
Q

Parathyroid hormones:

A

-Parathyroid hormones (PTH)

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23
Q

Heart hormones:

A

-Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

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24
Q

Kidney hormones:

A
  • Erythropoietin (EPO)

- Calcitrol

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25
Q

Digestive tract hormones:

A

-Numerous hormones

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26
Q

Pancreatic Islet hormones:

A
  • Insulin

- Glucagon

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27
Q

Gondad hormones:

A 
Ovaries (Female)
     -Estrogens
     -Progestins
     -Inhibin
Testes (Male)
     -Androgens
     -Testosterone
     -Inhibin
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28
Q

Know as the “master gland,” has a vital role in the reproduction and growth, and it regulates the function of the renal system and thyroid gland.

A

Pituitary gland

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29
Q

The pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus by a stalk called the _____.

A

infundibulum

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30
Q

It is divided into two lobes–the anterior or _____ and the posterior or _____.

A
  • adenohypophysis

- neurohypophysis

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31
Q

Stimulates the uterine contractions necessary for normal labor and delivery.

A

oxytocin

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32
Q

Oxytocin is available as:

A
  • oxytocin
  • pitocin
  • syntocinon
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33
Q

It is important to avoid confusion of _____ and _____.

A

Pitocin and Pitressin

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34
Q

A vascular structure consisting of two lobes joined by an isthmus.

A

thyroid gland

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35
Q

The largest of the endocrine glands, the _____ is located below the larynx, on both sides of the trachea in the anterior neck.

A

thyroid

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36
Q

What sets the rate of body metabolism?

A

thyroid gland

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37
Q

Lack of thyroid hormones slows _____.

A

metabolism

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38
Q

What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?

A

Graves disease

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39
Q

An autoimmune disorder in which the body attacks the thyroid gland causing it to over-produce thyroxine.

A

Graves disease

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40
Q

What hormones are regulated by thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) (thyrotopin), which is produced in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

A
  • Thyroxin (T4)

- Triiodothyronine (T3)

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41
Q

What hormones are essential for normal growth and development, and help regulate metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins?

A
  • Thyroxin (T4)

- Triiodothyronine (T3)

42
Q

Require iodine salts for production.

A
  • Thyroxin (T4)

- Triiodothyronine (T3)

43
Q

What hormone helps to control calcium and phosphate concentrations in the blood, and is regulated by blood levels of these ions

A

Calcitonin

44
Q

Affects calcium and phosphate levels by inhibiting the rate of release from bone, increasing the rate of incorporation of these ions into bone, and increasing excretion of these ions by the kidneys.

A

Calcitonin

45
Q

What is a common antithyroid medication?

A

Tapazole

46
Q

Small, yellowish-brown ovals, approximately 6mm in length, and frequently covered with adipose tissue.

A

parathyroid gland

47
Q

Usually found embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland.

A

parathyroid gland

48
Q

The number of parathyroid glands may vary from _____ to ______, with 90% of the patients having _____; _____ on each side of the thyroid gland.

A

two to six
four
two

49
Q

Parathyroid gland produces _____, which monitors circulating concentrations of calcium ions in the blood.

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

50
Q

Parathyroid hormone has four major functions:

A
  1. to stimulate osteoclasts
  2. to inhibit osteoblasts
  3. to enhance the reabsorption of calcium deposition in the bone
  4. to stimulate the formation and secretion of calcitriol at the kidneys
51
Q

PTH stimulates osteoclasts which accelerates mineral turnover and _____.

A

the release of calcium from bone

52
Q

PTH inhibits osteoblasts reducing the rate of _____.

A

calcium deposition in bone

53
Q

PTH enhances the reabsorption of calcium at the kindeys, reducing its loss via _____.

A

urine

54
Q

PTH stimulates the formation and secretion of calcitriol at the kidneys for enhancement of calcium and phosphate absorption by the _____.

A

digestive tract

55
Q

Inadequate amounts of PTH result in low calcium concentrations and _____.

A

hypoparathyroidism

56
Q

Hypoparathyroidism can cause a condition called _____.

A

tetany

57
Q

Characterized by prolonged muscle spasms involving the face and extremities.

A

tetany

58
Q

Parathyroid hormone includes _____.

A

teriparatide (Forteo)

59
Q

True or False: Parathyroid hormones are not administered in surgery from the sterile back table.

A

True

60
Q

What causes hyperparathyroidism?

A

calcium concentrations become too high

61
Q

Bones can grow thin and brittle, skeletal muscles weaken, and the CNS is depresses.

A

hypepararthyroidism

62
Q

Highly vascular, pyramid-shaped glands positioned on top of each kidney.

A

Adrenal glands

63
Q

What are the parts of the adrenal glands.

A
  • central portion
  • medulla
  • cortex
64
Q

Produces, stores, and secretes the hormones epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and dopamine, collectively called catecholamines.

A

Adrenal medulla

65
Q

Work with the sympathetic nervous system to prepare the body for the fight-or-flight response to stress.

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

66
Q

Effects of these hormones include increased heart rate, increased force of cardiac muscle contraction, vasoconstriction, elevated blood pressure, increased respiratory rate, and decreased digestive system activity.

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

67
Q

What are the two major groups of adrenal cortex hormones?

A

glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids (steroids)

68
Q

What is the most important mineralcorticoid?

A

aldosterone

69
Q

Maintains homeostatic levels of sodium and potassium in the blood.

A

aldosterone

70
Q

Used alone or in combination to reduce or inhibit the inflammatory response after surgical procedures such as shoulder arthroscopy or cataract extraction.

A

glucocorticoids

71
Q

Used medically to help prevent rejection of donated organs, to reduce the inflammatory response in patients with arthritis, and with aldosterone as replacement therapy for Addison’s disease.

A

glucocorticoids

72
Q

Used for the treatment of autoimmune disorders, to suppress hypersensitivity reactions, and to alleviate cerebral edema.

A

glucocorticoids

73
Q

Glucocorticoids administered for diseases such as arthritis are used as _____.

A

palliatives

74
Q

Drugs that relieve symptoms, but they do not cure the condition or disease.

A

palliative drugs

75
Q

How are glucocorticoids administered?

A
  • orally
  • topically
  • intramuscularly
  • intraarticularly
  • IV
  • inhalation
76
Q

Glucocorticoids may be _____ or _____ depending on the agent used.

A

long- or short-acting

77
Q

Naturally occurring steroids:

A
  • cortisone
  • hydrocortisone
  • aldosterone
78
Q

Synthetic steroid hormones include:

A
  • prednisone

- betamethasone

79
Q

Posterior to the stomach and behind the parietal peritoneum, is divided into three anatomic areas.

A

pancreas

80
Q

What are the three areas of the pancreas?

A
  • the head (lies within the loop of the duodenum)
  • the body
  • the tail
81
Q

The pancreas functions as a exocrine gland for _____ and as an endocrine gland for _____.

A

digestion

release of hormones

82
Q

The primary source for the vital digestive enzymes amylase, lipase, and proteinase.

A

exocrine pancreas

83
Q

Closely associated with blood vessels, which facilitate the transport of pancreatic hormones to the body.

A

endocrine portion of the pancreas

84
Q

Pancreatic hormones are produced by clusters of cells called _____ or _____.

A

pancreatic islets or the islets of Langerhans

85
Q

Pancreatic alpha cells secrete _____.

A

glucagon

86
Q

Pancreatic beta cells secrete _____.

A

insulin

87
Q

Regulates metabolism of glucose.

A

glucagon and insulin

88
Q

Glucagon is a protein; it stimulates the liver to _____, thus increasing blood sugar levels.

A

break down glycogen into glucose

89
Q

Insulin, also a protein, stimulates the liver to _____, thus lowering blood sugar levels.

A

form glycogen from glucose

90
Q

Caused by an autoimmune disorder in which the body attacks its own pancreatic B-cells; body fails to produce insulin

A

Type-1 diabetes

91
Q

The body’s tissues fail to respond to the action of insulin on target cells; may be effectively managed with diet and exercise or administration or oral antidiabetic drugs.

A

Type-2 diabetes

92
Q

True or False: Medications used to treat diabetes are not administered from the sterile back table.

A

True

93
Q

Located in the pelvic cavity, paired glands that produce estrogen and progesterone.

A

ovaries

94
Q

Critical to the development and maintenance of female sex characteristics, including the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and lactation.

A

estrogen and progesterone

95
Q

Used as oral contraceptives (birth control hormones) and may be used for hormone replacement therapy (HRT) after menopause or oophorectomy.

A

estrogen and progesterone

96
Q

May be used to treat symptomatic endometriosis of pregnancy is not desired and symptoms of fibrocystic breast changes

A

birth control hormones (estrogen and progesterone)

97
Q

Used for palliative treatment of advanced androgen-dependent prostate cancer and metastatic breast cancer.

A

estrogen

98
Q

May be used on vaginal packing placed after vaginal hysterectomy and administered from the back table.

A

Cream form of estrogen

99
Q

True or False: Estrogen and progesterone are not routinely administered from the sterile back table.

A

True

100
Q

Produce male sex hormones called androgens.

A

endocrine cells in the testes

101
Q

Critical for the development of male sex organs and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics.

A

androgens, primarily testosterone

102
Q

May be used to treat hypogonadism and some types of advanced breast cancer in females.

A

testosterone

Surg Tech 126 (9 decks)

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