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Surg Tech 126 > Surg 126--Chapter 11 and 12 (Test Review) > Flashcards

Surg 126--Chapter 11 and 12 (Test Review) Flashcards

1
Q

Name 9 electrolytes…

A
  1. sodium
  2. chloride
  3. potassium
  4. calcium
  5. magnesium
  6. phosphate
  7. bicarbonate
  8. sulfate
  9. carbonic acid
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2
Q

Which electrolyte is associated with cardiac arrhythmias?

A

Calcium

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3
Q

How does calcium affect cardiac function?

A

Hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia can cause the heart to beat irregularly (cardiac arrhythmias), muscle spasms, and weak heartbeats.

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4
Q

IV fluid that contains 0.9% sodium chloride.

A

normal saline

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5
Q

What functions does blood play in homeostasis?

A
  1. transport oxygen, nutrients, waste, hormones, and enzymes

2. maintains the body’s pH balance, temp, and water content

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6
Q

In an average adult, the circulating blood volume is approx. _____ mL/kg of body mass.

A

70

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7
Q

The average blood volume to body mass ratio is _____%.

A

17

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8
Q

Blood consists of what two main components?

A

formed elements and plasma (fluid)

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9
Q

Formed elements of blood consist of _____.

A

erythrocytes (RBC), leukocytes (WBC), and platelets.

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10
Q

Which formed element of blood is necessary for clotting?

A

platelets

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11
Q

What are normal hemoglobin levels in adult females?

A

12 to 16 g/100mL

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12
Q

What are normal hemoglobin levels in adult males?

A

14 to 18 g/100mL

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13
Q

A low hemoglobin level indicates _____.

A

reduced oxygen-carrying capacity

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14
Q

Which blood test measures oxygen carrying capacity of blood?

A

hematocrit

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15
Q

Which blood test is performed to determine donor-recipient compatibility?

A

blood cross-match

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16
Q

What is the normal range of hematocrit levels in adults?

A

35% to 52%

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17
Q

What is the most common indication for blood replacement?

A

hypovolemia

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18
Q

What is hypovolemia?

A

low circulating blood volume

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19
Q

What are other indications for blood replacement?

A
  1. restoration of oxygen-carrying capacity (anemic patients or blood diseases)
  2. maintain clotting properties as needed in patients with hemophilia
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20
Q

What are homologous donations?

A

a common method of blood replacement using donor blood.

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21
Q

What are some risks associated with donor blood?

A

transmission of blood-borne pathogens such as Hep B and C and HIV.

22
Q

What is whole blood?

A

Consists of RBC, plasma, stable clotting factors, and anticoagulants. Contains enough hemoglobin to raise an anemic adult’s hematocrit 3 percentage points.

23
Q

When is whole blood indicated?

A

Only in cases of acute, massive blood loss that requires the oxygen-carrying properties of RBC and the volume expansion provided by plasma

24
Q

What are “packed cells” or packed red blood cells.

A

Helps restore the oxygen-carrying capacity of the patient’s circulatory system.

25
Q

True or False: Packed cells can be used in place of whole blood.

A

True

26
Q

When can plasma be administered?

A

When clotting factors are needed in addition to circulating volume.

27
Q

How long after thawing must plasma be used?

A

within 6 hours

28
Q

When are platelets administered?

A
  • When large amounts of donor blood have been used to replace the patient’s volume. -Restore a more normal clotting process and to help repair damaged blood vessels.
  • Prohphylactically in patients with low platelet counts.
29
Q

What is cryoprecipate?

A

Plasma component used in the treatment of bleeding caused by hemophilia A, von Willebrand disease, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and lack of factor XIII.

30
Q

When is cryoprecipate given during surgery?

A

When coagulation has been compromised.

31
Q

What is auto transfusion?

A

Involves the collection, processing, and reinfusing of the patient’s own blood during surgery using “cell saver” technology. Results in little damage to RBC’s.

32
Q

When is cell saver used?

A
  • emergency procedures when rapid infusion is required

- during open-heart, vascular, major ortho, and major trauma cases (i.e. splenectomy)

33
Q

What are volume expanders?

A

used to increase the total volume of body fluid when hypovolemia occurs.

34
Q

What are examples of volume expanders?

A
  • Albumin
  • PPF
  • Dextran
  • Hetastarch
35
Q

Albumin

A
  • used to provide volume expansion when crystalloid solutions are not adequate
  • used to treat hypovolemic shock
  • available in 5% (equal to plasma)
  • concentrated 25% in sodium chloride solution
36
Q

PPF

A

crystalloid solutions are not adequate

  • used to treat hypovolemic shock
  • available in 5% solution
37
Q

Dextran

A

-expands plasma volume by drawing fluid from interstitial space to the intravascular fluid space

38
Q

True or False: The circulator and anesthesia provider must verify each donor blood unit against the patients information prior to administration.

A

True

39
Q

Malignant cells travel through the circulatory or lymphatic systems and spread to other areas of the body and form another tumor.

A

metastis

40
Q

Agents that fight cancer, used as systemic treatment in the primary or main tumor, and its metastases.

A

antineoplastic agents

41
Q

Agents that are cytotoxic and thus harm normal cells as well as malignant ones.

A

antineoplastic agents

42
Q

Used for remission, palliative effects, and/or to prolong life.

A

antineoplastic agents

43
Q

Remission is the abatement of _____.

A

symptoms and possible cure of the disease

44
Q

What is the function of biologic response modifiers?

A
  1. Enhance the body’s immunologic function
  2. Destroys or interferes with tumor activities
  3. Inhibit protein and RNA synthesis
45
Q

What are the leading cancers in men and women?

A

lung, colon, and rectum

46
Q

Resembles normal tissue, grow slowly, highly organized cells, and do not normally spread into surrounding tissue.

A

benign

47
Q

Group of diseases characterized by an uncontrolled growth of cells.

A

cancer

48
Q

Causes harm to normal cells as well as malignant ones.

A

cytotoxic

49
Q

The cause of a disease.

A

etiology

50
Q

Cancerous, unorganized and immature, multiply rapidly, and invade surrounding tissues.

A

malignant

51
Q

Abnormal growth.

A

neoplasm

52
Q

Original site of tumor.

A

primary site

Surg Tech 126 (9 decks)

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