Surg 126--Chapter 11 and 12 (Test Review)

Question 1

Name 9 electrolytes…

Answer 1

1. sodium
2. chloride
3. potassium
4. calcium
5. magnesium
6. phosphate
7. bicarbonate
8. sulfate
9. carbonic acid

Question 2

Which electrolyte is associated with cardiac arrhythmias?

Answer 2

Calcium

Question 3

How does calcium affect cardiac function?

Answer 3

Hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia can cause the heart to beat irregularly (cardiac arrhythmias), muscle spasms, and weak heartbeats.

Question 4

IV fluid that contains 0.9% sodium chloride.

Answer 4

normal saline

Question 5

What functions does blood play in homeostasis?

Answer 5

1. transport oxygen, nutrients, waste, hormones, and enzymes

2. maintains the body’s pH balance, temp, and water content

Question 6

In an average adult, the circulating blood volume is approx. _____ mL/kg of body mass.

Answer 6

70

Question 7

The average blood volume to body mass ratio is _____%.

Answer 7

17

Question 8

Blood consists of what two main components?

Answer 8

formed elements and plasma (fluid)

Question 9

Formed elements of blood consist of _____.

Answer 9

erythrocytes (RBC), leukocytes (WBC), and platelets.

Question 10

Which formed element of blood is necessary for clotting?

Answer 10

platelets

Question 11

What are normal hemoglobin levels in adult females?

Answer 11

12 to 16 g/100mL

Question 12

What are normal hemoglobin levels in adult males?

Answer 12

14 to 18 g/100mL

Question 13

A low hemoglobin level indicates _____.

Answer 13

reduced oxygen-carrying capacity

Question 14

Which blood test measures oxygen carrying capacity of blood?

Answer 14

hematocrit

Question 15

Which blood test is performed to determine donor-recipient compatibility?

Answer 15

blood cross-match

Question 16

What is the normal range of hematocrit levels in adults?

Answer 16

35% to 52%

Question 17

What is the most common indication for blood replacement?

Answer 17

hypovolemia

Question 18

What is hypovolemia?

Answer 18

low circulating blood volume

Question 19

What are other indications for blood replacement?

Answer 19

1. restoration of oxygen-carrying capacity (anemic patients or blood diseases)
2. maintain clotting properties as needed in patients with hemophilia

Question 20

What are homologous donations?

Answer 20

a common method of blood replacement using donor blood.

Question 21

What are some risks associated with donor blood?

Answer 21

transmission of blood-borne pathogens such as Hep B and C and HIV.

Question 22

What is whole blood?

Answer 22

Consists of RBC, plasma, stable clotting factors, and anticoagulants. Contains enough hemoglobin to raise an anemic adult’s hematocrit 3 percentage points.

Question 23

When is whole blood indicated?

Answer 23

Only in cases of acute, massive blood loss that requires the oxygen-carrying properties of RBC and the volume expansion provided by plasma

Question 24

What are “packed cells” or packed red blood cells.

Answer 24

Helps restore the oxygen-carrying capacity of the patient’s circulatory system.

Question 25

True or False: Packed cells can be used in place of whole blood.

Answer 25

True

Question 26

When can plasma be administered?

Answer 26

When clotting factors are needed in addition to circulating volume.

Question 27

How long after thawing must plasma be used?

Answer 27

within 6 hours

Question 28

When are platelets administered?

Answer 28

- When large amounts of donor blood have been used to replace the patient's volume. -Restore a more normal clotting process and to help repair damaged blood vessels. - Prohphylactically in patients with low platelet counts.

Question 29

What is cryoprecipate?

Answer 29

Plasma component used in the treatment of bleeding caused by hemophilia A, von Willebrand disease, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and lack of factor XIII.

Question 30

When is cryoprecipate given during surgery?

Answer 30

When coagulation has been compromised.

Question 31

What is auto transfusion?

Answer 31

Involves the collection, processing, and reinfusing of the patient's own blood during surgery using "cell saver" technology. Results in little damage to RBC's.

Question 32

When is cell saver used?

Answer 32

- emergency procedures when rapid infusion is required | - during open-heart, vascular, major ortho, and major trauma cases (i.e. splenectomy)

Question 33

What are volume expanders?

Answer 33

used to increase the total volume of body fluid when hypovolemia occurs.

Question 34

What are examples of volume expanders?

Answer 34

- Albumin - PPF - Dextran - Hetastarch

Question 35

Albumin

Answer 35

- used to provide volume expansion when crystalloid solutions are not adequate - used to treat hypovolemic shock - available in 5% (equal to plasma) - concentrated 25% in sodium chloride solution

Question 36

PPF

Answer 36

crystalloid solutions are not adequate - used to treat hypovolemic shock - available in 5% solution

Question 37

Dextran

Answer 37

-expands plasma volume by drawing fluid from interstitial space to the intravascular fluid space

Question 38

True or False: The circulator and anesthesia provider must verify each donor blood unit against the patients information prior to administration.

Answer 38

True

Question 39

Malignant cells travel through the circulatory or lymphatic systems and spread to other areas of the body and form another tumor.

Answer 39

metastis

Question 40

Agents that fight cancer, used as systemic treatment in the primary or main tumor, and its metastases.

Answer 40

antineoplastic agents

Question 41

Agents that are cytotoxic and thus harm normal cells as well as malignant ones.

Answer 41

antineoplastic agents

Question 42

Used for remission, palliative effects, and/or to prolong life.

Answer 42

antineoplastic agents

Question 43

Remission is the abatement of _____.

Answer 43

symptoms and possible cure of the disease

Question 44

What is the function of biologic response modifiers?

Answer 44

1. Enhance the body’s immunologic function 2. Destroys or interferes with tumor activities 3. Inhibit protein and RNA synthesis

Question 45

What are the leading cancers in men and women?

Answer 45

lung, colon, and rectum

Question 46

Resembles normal tissue, grow slowly, highly organized cells, and do not normally spread into surrounding tissue.

Answer 46

benign

Question 47

Group of diseases characterized by an uncontrolled growth of cells.

Answer 47

cancer

Question 48

Causes harm to normal cells as well as malignant ones.

Answer 48

cytotoxic

Question 49

The cause of a disease.

Answer 49

etiology

Question 50

Cancerous, unorganized and immature, multiply rapidly, and invade surrounding tissues.

Answer 50

malignant

Question 51

Abnormal growth.

Answer 51

neoplasm

Question 52

Original site of tumor.

Answer 52

primary site