Surg 126--Chapter 11 and 12 (Test Review) Flashcards
Name 9 electrolytes…
- sodium
- chloride
- potassium
- calcium
- magnesium
- phosphate
- bicarbonate
- sulfate
- carbonic acid
Which electrolyte is associated with cardiac arrhythmias?
Calcium
How does calcium affect cardiac function?
Hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia can cause the heart to beat irregularly (cardiac arrhythmias), muscle spasms, and weak heartbeats.
IV fluid that contains 0.9% sodium chloride.
normal saline
What functions does blood play in homeostasis?
- transport oxygen, nutrients, waste, hormones, and enzymes
2. maintains the body’s pH balance, temp, and water content
In an average adult, the circulating blood volume is approx. _____ mL/kg of body mass.
70
The average blood volume to body mass ratio is _____%.
17
Blood consists of what two main components?
formed elements and plasma (fluid)
Formed elements of blood consist of _____.
erythrocytes (RBC), leukocytes (WBC), and platelets.
Which formed element of blood is necessary for clotting?
platelets
What are normal hemoglobin levels in adult females?
12 to 16 g/100mL
What are normal hemoglobin levels in adult males?
14 to 18 g/100mL
A low hemoglobin level indicates _____.
reduced oxygen-carrying capacity
Which blood test measures oxygen carrying capacity of blood?
hematocrit
Which blood test is performed to determine donor-recipient compatibility?
blood cross-match
What is the normal range of hematocrit levels in adults?
35% to 52%
What is the most common indication for blood replacement?
hypovolemia
What is hypovolemia?
low circulating blood volume
What are other indications for blood replacement?
- restoration of oxygen-carrying capacity (anemic patients or blood diseases)
- maintain clotting properties as needed in patients with hemophilia
What are homologous donations?
a common method of blood replacement using donor blood.
What are some risks associated with donor blood?
transmission of blood-borne pathogens such as Hep B and C and HIV.
What is whole blood?
Consists of RBC, plasma, stable clotting factors, and anticoagulants. Contains enough hemoglobin to raise an anemic adult’s hematocrit 3 percentage points.
When is whole blood indicated?
Only in cases of acute, massive blood loss that requires the oxygen-carrying properties of RBC and the volume expansion provided by plasma
What are “packed cells” or packed red blood cells.
Helps restore the oxygen-carrying capacity of the patient’s circulatory system.
True or False: Packed cells can be used in place of whole blood.
True
When can plasma be administered?
When clotting factors are needed in addition to circulating volume.
How long after thawing must plasma be used?
within 6 hours
When are platelets administered?
- When large amounts of donor blood have been used to replace the patient’s volume. -Restore a more normal clotting process and to help repair damaged blood vessels.
- Prohphylactically in patients with low platelet counts.
What is cryoprecipate?
Plasma component used in the treatment of bleeding caused by hemophilia A, von Willebrand disease, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and lack of factor XIII.
When is cryoprecipate given during surgery?
When coagulation has been compromised.
What is auto transfusion?
Involves the collection, processing, and reinfusing of the patient’s own blood during surgery using “cell saver” technology. Results in little damage to RBC’s.
When is cell saver used?
- emergency procedures when rapid infusion is required
- during open-heart, vascular, major ortho, and major trauma cases (i.e. splenectomy)
What are volume expanders?
used to increase the total volume of body fluid when hypovolemia occurs.
What are examples of volume expanders?
- Albumin
- PPF
- Dextran
- Hetastarch
Albumin
- used to provide volume expansion when crystalloid solutions are not adequate
- used to treat hypovolemic shock
- available in 5% (equal to plasma)
- concentrated 25% in sodium chloride solution
PPF
crystalloid solutions are not adequate
- used to treat hypovolemic shock
- available in 5% solution
Dextran
-expands plasma volume by drawing fluid from interstitial space to the intravascular fluid space
True or False: The circulator and anesthesia provider must verify each donor blood unit against the patients information prior to administration.
True
Malignant cells travel through the circulatory or lymphatic systems and spread to other areas of the body and form another tumor.
metastis
Agents that fight cancer, used as systemic treatment in the primary or main tumor, and its metastases.
antineoplastic agents
Agents that are cytotoxic and thus harm normal cells as well as malignant ones.
antineoplastic agents
Used for remission, palliative effects, and/or to prolong life.
antineoplastic agents
Remission is the abatement of _____.
symptoms and possible cure of the disease
What is the function of biologic response modifiers?
- Enhance the body’s immunologic function
- Destroys or interferes with tumor activities
- Inhibit protein and RNA synthesis
What are the leading cancers in men and women?
lung, colon, and rectum
Resembles normal tissue, grow slowly, highly organized cells, and do not normally spread into surrounding tissue.
benign
Group of diseases characterized by an uncontrolled growth of cells.
cancer
Causes harm to normal cells as well as malignant ones.
cytotoxic
The cause of a disease.
etiology
Cancerous, unorganized and immature, multiply rapidly, and invade surrounding tissues.
malignant
Abnormal growth.
neoplasm
Original site of tumor.
primary site
