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Surg Tech 126 > Surg 126--Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Surg 126--Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three main sources of drugs?

A

natural sources, chemical synthesis, and biotechnology

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2
Q

Natural sources of drugs include what?

A

plants, animals, and minerals

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3
Q

What are examples of current drugs made from plants?

A

atropine–>roots of the belladonna
digitalis–>leaves of the purple foxglove
morphine–>seeds of the opium poppy

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4
Q

Chemicals produced by plants hold great promise in the development of drugs to treat _____.

A

cancer

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5
Q

What were the best available sources of hormones prior to the advent of biotechnology?

A

cattle and hog endocrine glands

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6
Q

What is porcine?

A

drugs derived from hogs

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7
Q

What is bovine?

A

drugs derived from cattle

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8
Q

Thyroglobulin is a purified extract of _____.

A

hog thyroid gland

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9
Q

Thrombin is _____.

A

bovine in origin

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10
Q

The early form of insulin is both _____ because it was obtained from the pancreas of cattle and hogs.

A

bovine and porcine

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11
Q

What are the _____ ways for drugs to be synthesized.

A

two

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12
Q

What does synthesized mean?

A

put together

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13
Q

Synthetic drugs are _____

A

drugs that are synthesized from laboratory chemicals.

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14
Q

Semisynthetic drugs are _____.

A

drugs that start with a natural substance that is extracted, purified, and altered by chemical processes

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15
Q

What is an example of a synthetic drug?

A

Meperidine (Demerol)

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16
Q

What is an example of a semisynthetic drug?

A

Penicillin (amocicillin)

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17
Q

Biotechnology refers to _____.

A

the concepts of genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology

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18
Q

Biotechnology is a process that _____.

A

allows scientists to produce proteins from bacteria

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19
Q

Drug classifications are used to _____.

A

group similar drugs, or drugs that are used for similar purposes.

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20
Q

Therapeutic action: ______.

A

what they do for a patient; for example, analgesics relieve pain

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21
Q

Physiologic action: _____.

A

what they do for the body; for example, histamine receptor antagonists block histamine production

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22
Q

Affected body system: _____.

A

what they affect; for example, cardiovascular agents affect the heart and circulatory system

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23
Q

Chemical type: _____.

A

what they are; for example, barbiturates are a class of chemical compounds derived from barbituric acid

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24
Q

Prescriptions must include _____.

A

date, name of patient, name of drug, dosage, route of administration, and frequency

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25
aa
of each
26
ad
to, up to
27
ad lib
as desired
28
amt
amount
29
c (with line over it)
with
30
KVO, TKO
keep vein open, to keep open
31
npo, NPO
nothing by mouth
32
per
by means of, by
33
Rx
take
34
s (with line over it)
without
35
sig
label
36
sos
once if necessary
37
stat
immediately
38
What is a protocol?
a standing order, used for common situations requiring a standard treatment
39
What are surgeon's preference cards?
contain standing orders for specific surgical procedures
40
Verbals orders are for _____.
one-time single administration of a medication and documented in the patients record
41
PRN stands for _____.
pro re nata (as needed)
42
bid
twice a day
43
h, hr
hour
44
prn, PRN
as necessary (pro re nata)
45
q
every
46
qh
every hour
47
q2h
every 2 hours
48
qid
four times a day
49
tid
three times a day
50
Dispensing prescription drugs is the responsibility of a _____.
licensed pharmacist
51
cap
capsule
52
tab
tablet
53
NPO (nil per os)
nothing by mouth
54
What is reconstituted?
powders must be mixed with a liquid to form a solution that can be administered by injection
55
Semisolid preparations include _____.
creams, foams, gels, and ointments
56
Creams consist of active ingredients in a _____.
water base
57
Ointments contain active ingredients in an _____.
oil, lanolin, or petroleum base
58
Examples a semisolid drugs are _____.
lidocaine (Xylocaine) jelly -->topical anesthesia Silvadene cream-->for burns estrogen cream-->for vaginal packing neosporin ointment-->for wound dressing
59
A solution is _____.
a mixture of drug particles fully dissolved in a liquid medium
60
Several common solutions used from the back table are _____.
normal saline (0.9% NaCl) irrigation, antibiotic irrigation solutions, heparin irrigation solution
61
A suspension is _____.
a form in which solid undissolved particles float (are suspended) in liquid, they should be shaken prior to administration
62
What is emulsion?
the medication is contained in a mixture of water and oil bound together with an emulsifier
63
Three major routes for medication administration are _____.
enteral, topical, and parenteral
64
Enteral means _____.
the medication is taken into the gastrointestinal tract, (primarily by mouth)
65
Parenteral means _____.
any route other than the digestive tract, (subcutaneous, intramuscular, iv)
66
What is pharmacokinetics?
focuses on how the body processes drugs
67
What is pharmacodynamics?
examines how the action of the drug affects the body, both the molecular and physiological levels
68
Pharmacokinetics studies four basic physiologic processes _____.
absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion
69
Absorption is the process _____.
by which a drug is taken into the body and moves from the site of administration into the blood
70
Drugs are absorbed from the site of administration into the bloodstream and enter _____.
systemic circulation
71
Solubility of the drug is _____.
its ability to be dissolved and also affects the absorption rate.
72
Oral absorption varies depending on the drug's chemical structure as well as the _____ and _____ of the gastrointestinal tract.
pH (acidity), motility
73
Intramuscular absorption is rapid if _____.
water-based drug solutions are injected and is slower if the solution is an oil-based emulsion
74
Intravenous absorption is _____.
immediate because drugs are injected directly into the bloodstream
75
What is distribution?
drug is transported throughout the body by the circulatory system and eventually diffuse out of the bloodstream to the site of action
76
What is bioavailability?
the degree to which the drug molecule reaches the site of action to exert its effects
77
What is biotransformation?
metabolism (happens in the liver)
78
What is the first-pass effect?
the drugs may be altered or nearly inactivated when passing through the liver (hepatic portal system), potentially reducing the drug's effectiveness
79
How much unbound drug is filtered out depends on _____.
the glomeruler filtration rate (GFR), which depends on blood pressure and blood flow to the kidneys
80
Some drugs may be reabsorbed and returned to circulation by _____.
tubular reabsorption
81
Agonists are _____.
durgs that bind to or have an affinity (attraction) for a receptor and cause a particular response
82
Antagonists are _____.
drugs that bind to a receptor and prevent a response
83
Synergists are _____.
drugs that enhance the effect of another drug
84
Indication is _____.
the reason or purpose for giving a medication
85
Contraindication is _____.
the reasons against giving a particular drug
86
Onset is the _____.
time between administration of a drug and the first appearance of effects
87
Duration is the _____.
time between onset and disappearance of drug effects
88
A side effect is _____.
a predictable but unintended effect of a drug
89
Adverse effects are _____.
undesired, potentially harmful side effects of drugs. (nausea and vomiting, drug toxicity, hypersensitivity, and indiosyncratic (unusual) reactions
90
Hypersensitivity is an _____.
adverse effect resulting from previous exposure to the drug or a similar drug (may become sensitized after one or more doses then exhibit allergic reaction)
91
Idiosyncratic drug effects are _____.
rare and unpredictable adverse reactions (though to occur in people with genetic abnormality)

Surg Tech 126 (9 decks)

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