Surg 126--Chapter 1 Flashcards
What are the three main sources of drugs?
natural sources, chemical synthesis, and biotechnology
Natural sources of drugs include what?
plants, animals, and minerals
What are examples of current drugs made from plants?
atropine–>roots of the belladonna
digitalis–>leaves of the purple foxglove
morphine–>seeds of the opium poppy
Chemicals produced by plants hold great promise in the development of drugs to treat _____.
cancer
What were the best available sources of hormones prior to the advent of biotechnology?
cattle and hog endocrine glands
What is porcine?
drugs derived from hogs
What is bovine?
drugs derived from cattle
Thyroglobulin is a purified extract of _____.
hog thyroid gland
Thrombin is _____.
bovine in origin
The early form of insulin is both _____ because it was obtained from the pancreas of cattle and hogs.
bovine and porcine
What are the _____ ways for drugs to be synthesized.
two
What does synthesized mean?
put together
Synthetic drugs are _____
drugs that are synthesized from laboratory chemicals.
Semisynthetic drugs are _____.
drugs that start with a natural substance that is extracted, purified, and altered by chemical processes
What is an example of a synthetic drug?
Meperidine (Demerol)
What is an example of a semisynthetic drug?
Penicillin (amocicillin)
Biotechnology refers to _____.
the concepts of genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology
Biotechnology is a process that _____.
allows scientists to produce proteins from bacteria
Drug classifications are used to _____.
group similar drugs, or drugs that are used for similar purposes.
Therapeutic action: ______.
what they do for a patient; for example, analgesics relieve pain
Physiologic action: _____.
what they do for the body; for example, histamine receptor antagonists block histamine production
Affected body system: _____.
what they affect; for example, cardiovascular agents affect the heart and circulatory system
Chemical type: _____.
what they are; for example, barbiturates are a class of chemical compounds derived from barbituric acid
Prescriptions must include _____.
date, name of patient, name of drug, dosage, route of administration, and frequency
aa
of each
ad
to, up to
ad lib
as desired
amt
amount
c (with line over it)
with
KVO, TKO
keep vein open, to keep open
npo, NPO
nothing by mouth
per
by means of, by
Rx
take
s (with line over it)
without
sig
label
sos
once if necessary
stat
immediately
What is a protocol?
a standing order, used for common situations requiring a standard treatment
What are surgeon’s preference cards?
contain standing orders for specific surgical procedures
Verbals orders are for _____.
one-time single administration of a medication and documented in the patients record
PRN stands for _____.
pro re nata (as needed)
bid
twice a day
h, hr
hour
prn, PRN
as necessary (pro re nata)
q
every
qh
every hour
q2h
every 2 hours
qid
four times a day
tid
three times a day
Dispensing prescription drugs is the responsibility of a _____.
licensed pharmacist
cap
capsule
tab
tablet
NPO (nil per os)
nothing by mouth
What is reconstituted?
powders must be mixed with a liquid to form a solution that can be administered by injection
Semisolid preparations include _____.
creams, foams, gels, and ointments
Creams consist of active ingredients in a _____.
water base
Ointments contain active ingredients in an _____.
oil, lanolin, or petroleum base
Examples a semisolid drugs are _____.
lidocaine (Xylocaine) jelly –>topical anesthesia
Silvadene cream–>for burns
estrogen cream–>for vaginal packing
neosporin ointment–>for wound dressing
A solution is _____.
a mixture of drug particles fully dissolved in a liquid medium
Several common solutions used from the back table are _____.
normal saline (0.9% NaCl) irrigation, antibiotic irrigation solutions, heparin irrigation solution
A suspension is _____.
a form in which solid undissolved particles float (are suspended) in liquid, they should be shaken prior to administration
What is emulsion?
the medication is contained in a mixture of water and oil bound together with an emulsifier
Three major routes for medication administration are _____.
enteral, topical, and parenteral
Enteral means _____.
the medication is taken into the gastrointestinal tract, (primarily by mouth)
Parenteral means _____.
any route other than the digestive tract, (subcutaneous, intramuscular, iv)
What is pharmacokinetics?
focuses on how the body processes drugs
What is pharmacodynamics?
examines how the action of the drug affects the body, both the molecular and physiological levels
Pharmacokinetics studies four basic physiologic processes _____.
absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion
Absorption is the process _____.
by which a drug is taken into the body and moves from the site of administration into the blood
Drugs are absorbed from the site of administration into the bloodstream and enter _____.
systemic circulation
Solubility of the drug is _____.
its ability to be dissolved and also affects the absorption rate.
Oral absorption varies depending on the drug’s chemical structure as well as the _____ and _____ of the gastrointestinal tract.
pH (acidity), motility
Intramuscular absorption is rapid if _____.
water-based drug solutions are injected and is slower if the solution is an oil-based emulsion
Intravenous absorption is _____.
immediate because drugs are injected directly into the bloodstream
What is distribution?
drug is transported throughout the body by the circulatory system and eventually diffuse out of the bloodstream to the site of action
What is bioavailability?
the degree to which the drug molecule reaches the site of action to exert its effects
What is biotransformation?
metabolism (happens in the liver)
What is the first-pass effect?
the drugs may be altered or nearly inactivated when passing through the liver (hepatic portal system), potentially reducing the drug’s effectiveness
How much unbound drug is filtered out depends on _____.
the glomeruler filtration rate (GFR), which depends on blood pressure and blood flow to the kidneys
Some drugs may be reabsorbed and returned to circulation by _____.
tubular reabsorption
Agonists are _____.
durgs that bind to or have an affinity (attraction) for a receptor and cause a particular response
Antagonists are _____.
drugs that bind to a receptor and prevent a response
Synergists are _____.
drugs that enhance the effect of another drug
Indication is _____.
the reason or purpose for giving a medication
Contraindication is _____.
the reasons against giving a particular drug
Onset is the _____.
time between administration of a drug and the first appearance of effects
Duration is the _____.
time between onset and disappearance of drug effects
A side effect is _____.
a predictable but unintended effect of a drug
Adverse effects are _____.
undesired, potentially harmful side effects of drugs. (nausea and vomiting, drug toxicity, hypersensitivity, and indiosyncratic (unusual) reactions
Hypersensitivity is an _____.
adverse effect resulting from previous exposure to the drug or a similar drug (may become sensitized after one or more doses then exhibit allergic reaction)
Idiosyncratic drug effects are _____.
rare and unpredictable adverse reactions (though to occur in people with genetic abnormality)
