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Surg Tech 126 > Surg 126--Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Surg 126--Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three main sources of drugs?

A

natural sources, chemical synthesis, and biotechnology

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2
Q

Natural sources of drugs include what?

A

plants, animals, and minerals

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3
Q

What are examples of current drugs made from plants?

A

atropine–>roots of the belladonna
digitalis–>leaves of the purple foxglove
morphine–>seeds of the opium poppy

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4
Q

Chemicals produced by plants hold great promise in the development of drugs to treat _____.

A

cancer

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5
Q

What were the best available sources of hormones prior to the advent of biotechnology?

A

cattle and hog endocrine glands

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6
Q

What is porcine?

A

drugs derived from hogs

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7
Q

What is bovine?

A

drugs derived from cattle

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8
Q

Thyroglobulin is a purified extract of _____.

A

hog thyroid gland

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9
Q

Thrombin is _____.

A

bovine in origin

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10
Q

The early form of insulin is both _____ because it was obtained from the pancreas of cattle and hogs.

A

bovine and porcine

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11
Q

What are the _____ ways for drugs to be synthesized.

A

two

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12
Q

What does synthesized mean?

A

put together

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13
Q

Synthetic drugs are _____

A

drugs that are synthesized from laboratory chemicals.

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14
Q

Semisynthetic drugs are _____.

A

drugs that start with a natural substance that is extracted, purified, and altered by chemical processes

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15
Q

What is an example of a synthetic drug?

A

Meperidine (Demerol)

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16
Q

What is an example of a semisynthetic drug?

A

Penicillin (amocicillin)

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17
Q

Biotechnology refers to _____.

A

the concepts of genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology

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18
Q

Biotechnology is a process that _____.

A

allows scientists to produce proteins from bacteria

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19
Q

Drug classifications are used to _____.

A

group similar drugs, or drugs that are used for similar purposes.

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20
Q

Therapeutic action: ______.

A

what they do for a patient; for example, analgesics relieve pain

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21
Q

Physiologic action: _____.

A

what they do for the body; for example, histamine receptor antagonists block histamine production

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22
Q

Affected body system: _____.

A

what they affect; for example, cardiovascular agents affect the heart and circulatory system

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23
Q

Chemical type: _____.

A

what they are; for example, barbiturates are a class of chemical compounds derived from barbituric acid

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24
Q

Prescriptions must include _____.

A

date, name of patient, name of drug, dosage, route of administration, and frequency

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25
Q

aa

A

of each

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26
Q

ad

A

to, up to

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27
Q

ad lib

A

as desired

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28
Q

amt

A

amount

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29
Q

c (with line over it)

A

with

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30
Q

KVO, TKO

A

keep vein open, to keep open

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31
Q

npo, NPO

A

nothing by mouth

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32
Q

per

A

by means of, by

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33
Q

Rx

A

take

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34
Q

s (with line over it)

A

without

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35
Q

sig

A

label

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36
Q

sos

A

once if necessary

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37
Q

stat

A

immediately

38
Q

What is a protocol?

A

a standing order, used for common situations requiring a standard treatment

39
Q

What are surgeon’s preference cards?

A

contain standing orders for specific surgical procedures

40
Q

Verbals orders are for _____.

A

one-time single administration of a medication and documented in the patients record

41
Q

PRN stands for _____.

A

pro re nata (as needed)

42
Q

bid

A

twice a day

43
Q

h, hr

A

hour

44
Q

prn, PRN

A

as necessary (pro re nata)

45
Q

q

A

every

46
Q

qh

A

every hour

47
Q

q2h

A

every 2 hours

48
Q

qid

A

four times a day

49
Q

tid

A

three times a day

50
Q

Dispensing prescription drugs is the responsibility of a _____.

A

licensed pharmacist

51
Q

cap

A

capsule

52
Q

tab

A

tablet

53
Q

NPO (nil per os)

A

nothing by mouth

54
Q

What is reconstituted?

A

powders must be mixed with a liquid to form a solution that can be administered by injection

55
Q

Semisolid preparations include _____.

A

creams, foams, gels, and ointments

56
Q

Creams consist of active ingredients in a _____.

A

water base

57
Q

Ointments contain active ingredients in an _____.

A

oil, lanolin, or petroleum base

58
Q

Examples a semisolid drugs are _____.

A

lidocaine (Xylocaine) jelly –>topical anesthesia
Silvadene cream–>for burns
estrogen cream–>for vaginal packing
neosporin ointment–>for wound dressing

59
Q

A solution is _____.

A

a mixture of drug particles fully dissolved in a liquid medium

60
Q

Several common solutions used from the back table are _____.

A

normal saline (0.9% NaCl) irrigation, antibiotic irrigation solutions, heparin irrigation solution

61
Q

A suspension is _____.

A

a form in which solid undissolved particles float (are suspended) in liquid, they should be shaken prior to administration

62
Q

What is emulsion?

A

the medication is contained in a mixture of water and oil bound together with an emulsifier

63
Q

Three major routes for medication administration are _____.

A

enteral, topical, and parenteral

64
Q

Enteral means _____.

A

the medication is taken into the gastrointestinal tract, (primarily by mouth)

65
Q

Parenteral means _____.

A

any route other than the digestive tract, (subcutaneous, intramuscular, iv)

66
Q

What is pharmacokinetics?

A

focuses on how the body processes drugs

67
Q

What is pharmacodynamics?

A

examines how the action of the drug affects the body, both the molecular and physiological levels

68
Q

Pharmacokinetics studies four basic physiologic processes _____.

A

absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion

69
Q

Absorption is the process _____.

A

by which a drug is taken into the body and moves from the site of administration into the blood

70
Q

Drugs are absorbed from the site of administration into the bloodstream and enter _____.

A

systemic circulation

71
Q

Solubility of the drug is _____.

A

its ability to be dissolved and also affects the absorption rate.

72
Q

Oral absorption varies depending on the drug’s chemical structure as well as the _____ and _____ of the gastrointestinal tract.

A

pH (acidity), motility

73
Q

Intramuscular absorption is rapid if _____.

A

water-based drug solutions are injected and is slower if the solution is an oil-based emulsion

74
Q

Intravenous absorption is _____.

A

immediate because drugs are injected directly into the bloodstream

75
Q

What is distribution?

A

drug is transported throughout the body by the circulatory system and eventually diffuse out of the bloodstream to the site of action

76
Q

What is bioavailability?

A

the degree to which the drug molecule reaches the site of action to exert its effects

77
Q

What is biotransformation?

A

metabolism (happens in the liver)

78
Q

What is the first-pass effect?

A

the drugs may be altered or nearly inactivated when passing through the liver (hepatic portal system), potentially reducing the drug’s effectiveness

79
Q

How much unbound drug is filtered out depends on _____.

A

the glomeruler filtration rate (GFR), which depends on blood pressure and blood flow to the kidneys

80
Q

Some drugs may be reabsorbed and returned to circulation by _____.

A

tubular reabsorption

81
Q

Agonists are _____.

A

durgs that bind to or have an affinity (attraction) for a receptor and cause a particular response

82
Q

Antagonists are _____.

A

drugs that bind to a receptor and prevent a response

83
Q

Synergists are _____.

A

drugs that enhance the effect of another drug

84
Q

Indication is _____.

A

the reason or purpose for giving a medication

85
Q

Contraindication is _____.

A

the reasons against giving a particular drug

86
Q

Onset is the _____.

A

time between administration of a drug and the first appearance of effects

87
Q

Duration is the _____.

A

time between onset and disappearance of drug effects

88
Q

A side effect is _____.

A

a predictable but unintended effect of a drug

89
Q

Adverse effects are _____.

A

undesired, potentially harmful side effects of drugs. (nausea and vomiting, drug toxicity, hypersensitivity, and indiosyncratic (unusual) reactions

90
Q

Hypersensitivity is an _____.

A

adverse effect resulting from previous exposure to the drug or a similar drug (may become sensitized after one or more doses then exhibit allergic reaction)

91
Q

Idiosyncratic drug effects are _____.

A

rare and unpredictable adverse reactions (though to occur in people with genetic abnormality)

Surg Tech 126 (9 decks)

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