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Surg Tech 126 > Surg 126--Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Surg 126--Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Medications administered to prevent reabsorption of sodium and water by the kidneys?

A

Diuretics

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2
Q

Diuretics are used in the management of several chronic medical conditions, such as…

A

Hypertension, congestive heart failure (CHF), and glaucoma

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3
Q

What are electrolytes?

A
  • Minerals that are dissolved in body fluids
  • Develop an electrical charge when dissolved in water
  • Found inside and outside of cells
  • Acquired through food and water
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4
Q

What are the major body electrolytes?

A
  • Sodium
  • Potassium
  • Calcium
  • Chlorine
  • Magnesium
  • Bicarbonate
  • Phosphate
  • Sulfate
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5
Q

Condition in which potassium may be seriously depleted in patients taking certain diuretics.

A

Hypokalemia

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6
Q

Potassium levels that are either too low or too high may cause…

A

Cardiac dysrhythmias

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7
Q

Short-term use of diuretics is indicated when?

A

A condition requires rapid but temporary reduction in fluid

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8
Q

Why are diuretics used during surgery?

A

To reduce intraocular pressure, intracranial pressure, or to protect kidney function

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9
Q

How do diuretics lower blood pressure?

A

By increasing the elimination of fluids (water, sodium, and electrolytes) from the body; decreasing blood volume

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10
Q

Are diuretics administered from the back table?

A

No

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11
Q

Why are diuretics important to the ST?

A
  • Long-term diuretic therapy may cause the delay or rescheduling of a surgery.
  • Short-term intraoperative use of diuretics requires the insertion of an indwelling urinary catheter
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12
Q

The primary function of the renal system is to _____?

A

maintain homeostasis

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13
Q

How does the renal system maintain homeostasis?

A

By filtering blood and removing excess water and dissolved substances (or solutes) such as sodium and potassium

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14
Q

A microscopic filtering unit that removes water and waste solutes

A

nephron

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15
Q

Where does filtration occur in the nephron?

A

The Bowman’s capsule

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16
Q

The process of forcing fluids and solutes through a membrane by pressure.

A

filtration

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17
Q

Where does tubular reabsorption take place?

A

proximal convoluted tubule and the ascending and descending limbs of the loop of Henle

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18
Q

Eliminates waste products and controls blood pH.

A

tubular secretion

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19
Q

Diuretics cause elimination of excess fluid by preventing reabsorption of _____ and _____, increasing urine output.

A

sodium and water

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20
Q

How are diuretics classified?

A
  • site of action

- mechanism by which the solute is altered

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21
Q

Highly potent diuretics used to remove fluid arising from renal, hepatic, or cardiac dysfunction and to treat acute pulmonary edema.

A

Loop diuretics

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22
Q

Loop diuretics inhibit the reabsorption of _____ to _____ of the sodium load.

A

20% to 30%

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23
Q

What is the most common cardiac dysfunction requiring treatment with diuretics?

A

CHF

24
Q

The oral form of high-ceiling diuretics may be used to treat _____.

A

hypertension

25
Q

Loop diuretics work by decreasing the reabsorption of _____ and _____ ions along the whole renal tubule, especially the loop of Henle.

A

sodium and chloride

26
Q

Loop diuretics include:

A
  • bumetanide (Bumex)
  • ethacrynic acid (Edecrin)
  • torsemide (Demadex)
  • furosemide (Lasix)
27
Q

What is the most commonly used loop diuretic?

A

furosemide

28
Q

Furosemide:

A
  • useful in intracranial procedures
  • onset of diuresis in 5 to 15 minutes, will continue for 2 hours
  • initial dose is 20 to 40 mg, given over 1 to 2 minutes
  • second dose may be administered 2 hours later
29
Q

Furosemide decreases intracranial pressure by quickly removing _____ that accumulates in response to trauma of the cranium

A

fluids

30
Q

Low potency diuretics used to treat essential hypertension and mild chronic edema.

A

Thiazide diuretics

31
Q

Thiazide diuretics inhibit the reabsorption of _____ to ______ of the sodium load.

A

5% to 10%

32
Q

Thiazide diuretics work by inhibiting the reabsorption of sodium and chloride in the end of the _____ of the nephron and the beginning of the _____.

A

ascending loop

distal convoluted tubule

33
Q

Examples of thiazide diuretics:

A
  • bendroflumethiazide (Naturetin)
  • chlorothiazide (Diuril, SK-Chlorothiazide)
  • hydrochlorothiazide
34
Q

Low potency diuretics commonly used to treat edema and hypertension and to help restore potassium levels in hypokalemic patients.

A

Potassium-sparring drugs

35
Q

Potassium-sparring diuretics inhibit only _____ to _____ of the sodium load.

A

1% to 3%

36
Q

Usually administered in combination with other diuretics such as thiazides and loop diuretics to minimize potassium loss.

A

Potassium-sparring drugs

37
Q

Potassium-sparring drugs prevent the reabsorption of sodium in the _____ by altering membrane permeability.

A

distal convoluted tubule

38
Q

Examples of potassium-sparring drugs include:

A
  • amiloride (Midamor)
  • spironolactone (Aldactone)
  • eplerenone (Inspra)
  • triamterene (Dyrenium)
39
Q

Adverse effects of potassium-sparring drugs includes _____.

A

hyperkalemia

40
Q

Low potency diuretics used to treat mild acute closed-angle glaucoma and chronic open-angle glaucoma and lowers intraocular pressure.

A

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

41
Q

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors act on the _____, so urine output is not significantly changed.

A

proximal convoluted tubule

42
Q

The most common carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

A

acetazolamide (Diamox)

43
Q

Highly potent and increase blood pressure and volume by drawing fluid out of tissues and into the circulatory system rapidly.

A

Osmotic diuretics

44
Q

Contraindicated in patients with hypertension and edema.

A

Osmotic diuretics

45
Q

The most common osmotic diuretic

A

mannitol (Osmitrol)

46
Q

May be used to provide rapid reduction in intraocular pressure in patients experiencing acute angle-closure glaucoma

A

mannitol (Osmitrol)

47
Q

Cause the highest rate of potassium loss.

A

thiazide and loop diuretics

48
Q

One of the essential minerals needed by the body to maintain homeostasis.

A

potassium

49
Q

One of the most abundant minerals found in the body.

A

potassium

50
Q

Normal level of potassium

A

3.5 to 5.0

51
Q

Best method for treatment of hypokalemia

A

oral replacement

52
Q

mineralocorticoid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex

A

aldosterone

53
Q

Increases the reabsorption of sodium and water and the secretion of potassium in the kidneys.

A

aldosterone

54
Q

Increases blood volume and thus blood pressure

A

aldosterone

55
Q

Primary intracellular electrolyte in the body

A

potassium

56
Q

plats a vital role in many body functions, such as nerve impulse conduction, acid-base balance, ad promotion of carbohydrate and protein metabolism

A

potassium

Surg Tech 126 (9 decks)

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