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COM - Endocrine > Suprarenal Glands - 2/9 Cole > Flashcards

Suprarenal Glands - 2/9 Cole Flashcards

1
Q

Where embryological origin is the medulla from?

Develops from what?

A

Ectoderm all

Neural crest
MEN

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2
Q

What do accessory adrenocortical nodules develop from?

A

Partly/completely detached rests of the coelom if epithelial primordia

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3
Q

What does the definitive cortex develop into?

With what?

A

Functional adrenal cortex

Zonae glomerulosa and fasciculata present at birth

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4
Q

When does the Zona reticularis develop?

A

1st year of life

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5
Q

When do the cortical and medullary elements appear?

A

5-6 weeks of fetal growth

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6
Q

What is the fetoplacental unit?

A

Interaction between the fetal adrenal cortex and placenta

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7
Q

What is the source of glucocorticoids?

A

Maternal

Placental progesterone by the fetus

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8
Q

What are glucocorticoids needed for?

A

Production of surfactant by type II alveolar cells after 8th month
Development of fx HPA axis
Induction of thymic involution

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9
Q

What does the adrenal cortex produce?

Medulla?

A

Steroid hormones

Catecholamines

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10
Q

Describe the organization of the adrenal cortex

A

Outermost is ZG

Middle is ZF

Inner is ZR

GFR, GO

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11
Q

What does the zona glomerulosa make?

In response to what?

A

Mineralcorticods, mainly aldosterone

Ag II and ACTH

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12
Q

What enzyme does the ZG lack?

Meaning it can’t make what?

A

17alpha-hydroxylase (CYP17)

Sex steroids or cortisol

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13
Q

What does the ZF secrete?

What does it contain?

A

Glucocorticoids and androgens

Lipid droplets containing cholesterol, spongiocytes

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14
Q

What does the ZF and ZR have?

What can they make?

A

17alpha-hydroxylase

Glucocorticoids (Cortisol) and sex hormones

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15
Q

Where is cortisol stored?

What stimulates it?

How/where is it converted?

Function?

A

Not stored in cells, newly synthesized

ACTH

In hepatocytes to cortisone

Anti-inflammatory and anti-allergy

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16
Q

What are the 2 major effects of cortisol?

A

Metabolic -> stimulates gluconeogensis

Anti-inflammatory -> suppress tissue response to injury and Dec cellular humoral immunity

17
Q

What stimulates the ZF and ZR?

A

ACTH

18
Q

What does the ZR primarily secrete?

What can it also secrete?

A

Androgens

Glucocorticoids

19
Q

What are the predominant androgens produced by the cortex of the adrenal gland?

A

DHEA and androstenedione

20
Q

What can DHEA and androstenedione be converted to?

A

Testosterone and estrogen in peripheral tissues

21
Q

What are chromaffin Cells regarded as?

Derived from what?

Secretory granules of what?

A

Modified sympathetic postganglionic neurons w/out postganglionic axons

Neural crest

Epi and NE

22
Q

What innervates the adrenal medulla?

A

Sympathetic Preganglionic fibers that release ACh

23
Q

How are catecholamines secreted?

In response to what?

What kind of response are they?

A

Into the blood

Stress

Sympathetic response

24
Q

Blood supply to the adrenal glands is supplied via what?

A

Super adrenal - from inf phrenic a.
Middle - from aorta
Inferior - from renal a.

25
Q

What do the adrenal arteries form?

A

Arterial plexus

26
Q

What are the branches from the arterial plexus?

A

Capsule (subcapsular plexus)
Short cortical a.
Long cortical a.

27
Q

The medulla has a direct blood supply via what?

Additional blood supply?

A

Long cortical a.

Sinusoids from the cortex

28
Q

What is primary hyperaldoesteronism?

A

Conn’s syndrome, aldosterone secreting tumor in ZG

29
Q

What is secondary hyperaldoesteronism?

A

INC in renin secretion

30
Q

What is Cushing’s disease?

A

ACTH producing tumors of anterior pituitary

Causes INC in aldosterone, cortisol and androgen

31
Q

What is Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Tumor of adrenal cortex results in overproduction of cortisol, androgen, aldosterone

32
Q

What are the endogenous causes of Cushing’s syndrome?

Exogenous?

A 
Pituitary tumor (Cushing's disease)
Adrenal tumor

Taking glucocorticoid containing meds (hydrocortisone)

33
Q

What are the classic Sx of Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Moon face, buffalo hump, obesity

34
Q

What is Addison’s disease?

What is decreased, what is increased?

A

Chronic destruction of the adrenal cortex by autoimmune process or Tb

Cortisol low, ACTH becomes high

35
Q

Sx of Addison’s disease?

A

Inc in skin pigmentation in skin folds and gums
Hypotension and circulatory shock
Muscle weakness

36
Q

What is a pheochromacytoma?

What is secreted?

Sx?

A

Benign tumor of the chromaffin cells

Epi and NE

Hyperactive Symp NS, INC BP, anxiety, INC HR
-> hypertension and cardiac arrhythmias

37
Q

Where embryological origin is the cortex from?

Develops from what?

A

Mesoderm

Celomic epithelium of posterior abdominal wall
CMC

COM - Endocrine (12 decks)

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